Lecture 3.B Flashcards
what are carbohydrates made up of
Carbohydrates are made up of one or more monomers called monosaccharides
3 Classes, 2 types of carbs
Simple carbs “sugars” - Monosaccharide - Disaccharide Complex carbs(Starch ,Glycogen, Fiber) - Polysaccharide
examples of Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, Polysaccharide?
Monosaccharide -Glucose -Fructose Disaccharide -Lactose -Sucrose Polysaccharide (used for energy storage) -Glycogen (animals) -Starch (plants)
Functions of carbohydrates
- ENERGY
- 1 Immediate energy. Cells use mainly glucose to make ATP: in prokaryotes & eukaryotes (neurons ♥ Carbs)
1.2 Energy STORAGE
Excess glucose stored as a polysaccharide: starch (plants) or glycogen (prokaryotes, animals, fungus)
- STRUCTURAL SUPPORT
what do cells mainly use to make atp?
glucose
what is the excess glucose stored as?
Excess glucose stored as a polysaccharide: starch (plants) or glycogen (prokaryotes, animals, fungus)
What cells do with saccharides
mono: Can be used to make ATP
Can be bonded together to make di/polysaccharides
di: Can be digested to monosaccharides or bonded together to make polysaccharides
poly: Can be used as a source of
stored energy or for structural support.
Can be digested to disaccharides, then monosaccharides as needed
what are Photoautotrophs
Photoautotrophs make monosaccharides through photosynthesis
Include plants, photosynthetic protists, & Cyanobacteria
They make disaccharides & polysaccharides (starch & cellulose) by joining monosaccharides together… they don’t consume polysaccharides
what are Heterotrophs
Heterotrophs consume monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Include most bacteria, all animals, all fungi, many protists
Can join monosaccharides to form disaccharides & polysaccharides (glycogen or starch, depending on the organism).
what organelle uses glucose to make atp with cellular respiration? (immediate energy)
mitochondria
through what process is atp made
cellular respiration
what is the cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + ADP + Pi → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP + Heat energy
glucose + oxygen –> atp + co2 + heat
what are the 2 ways to process glucose
- used by mitochondria to make atp (cell.resp)
- fermentation
Excess glucose stored as …?
starch or glycogen
when needed, starch or glycogen can break down into ..?
glucose monomers
what are the two types of STRUCTURAL SUPPORT
cellulose (glucose monomers bonded together)
chitin (glucose + other molecules)
what is cellulose
Structural support
Cellulose (glucose monomers bonded together)
Plant cell wall made mainly of cellulose
what is chitin
structural support
Chitin (glucose + other molecules)
Exoskeletons (lobsters, crabs, insects…) & cell wall of fungus
3 different polymers of glucose?
starch (Granules in plants)
glycogen (Liver, muscle)
cellulose (Plant cell wall made mainly of cellulose)
what dietary fiber we cannot digest
cellulose, we don’t have enzymes to brake this Fiber.
Dietary fiber (polysaccharides) partially broken down by some microbes to..?
Bacteria in digestive systems of herbivores (cows, sheep: eat grass) & humans
Protists in termites (eat wood)
Fungi in the env’t
another function of simple carbs?
Carbs are also components (parts) of other molecules. DNA, RNA, glycolipids, glycoproteins, ATP
what does determine the blood type
Glycolipids
what hormones are used for Regulating blood sugar levels in animals
Produce hormones: insulin & glucagon
where do hormones of insulin & glucagon get produced?
Vertebrates (mammals, birds, reptiles & amphibians) make these in a PANCREAS
Invertebrates: those that have blood (mulluscs, worms…), have CELLS that produce the hormones (no pancreas though)
what is insulin
Insulin (hormone) released when blood sugar (glucose) is high: causes a drop in blood glucose
what is glucagon
Glucagon (hormone) released when blood sugar low or in response to (sympathetic) nervous system causes an increase in blood glucose
are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Since mostly C,H mostly hydrophobic
they don’t dissolve in water
3 Types of Lipids
- Fats: cis & trans
- Phospholipids
- Steroids: sterols & steroid hormones
function of fats?
- 2x more ENERGY/gram than carbs
2. insulates & protects internal organs
what is a fat made up of
1 fat (triglyceride) = 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids Requires 3 dehydration synthesis reactions
Fatty acids can differ in ..?
- Length of their carbon chain
- Level of saturation
Saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated
Affects the SHAPE of the fatty acid: straight vs bent
what are Saturated fatty acids
have hydrogen atoms surrounding every carbon in the chain; they have NO DOUBLE BONDS
(have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible)
what are MONOunsaturated fatty acids
1 double bond b/w carbons (lack hydrogen atoms in 1 region)
each double bond in the fa causes a bend in the fa
what are POLYunsaturated fatty acids
2 or more double bonds b/w carbons (lack hydrogen atoms in 2 or more regions)
each double bond in the fa causes a bend in the fa
types of UNSATURATED FA and their diff?
Cis FA: H on the ___SAME_ side of double bond
Trans FA: H on the _DIFFERENT___ side of double bond
what is Hydrogenation
Hydrogenation: add hydrogen
Process developed to increase the shelf life (fat doesn’t get oxidized)
Not healthy
which one of trans/cis fats is better?
cis!
Trans fats: ↑ “bad cholesterol” (LDL) & ↓ “good cholesterol (HDL) & when incorporated into cell membranes (recall phospholipids), can cause them to become malformed
what are Phospholipids made up of
2 molecules of fatty acids: hydrophobic (tails)
1 glycerol molecule: hydrophilic (head)
1 phosphate molecule: hydrophilic (head)
Cell membrane is made of ?
phospholipids
what are Steroids
Lipids containing multiple rings of carbon atoms
what are bile acids
Bile acids are sterols made in the liver
… is a precursor to bile acids
cholesterol is a precursor to bile acids
what do steroid hormones do
Increase muscle mass & strength.
Steroid hormones ?
Estrogen (female)
TESTOSTERONE (male)
VITAMIN D (sunshine)
sterols made by liver
CHOLESTEROL-Minor component of animal cell membranes
BILE ACIDS -Important for digestion of fat
In the formation of a disaccharide, the bond between the 2 monosaccharides is formed by the removal of:
a hydroxyl group (OH) from one of the monosaccharides
and
a hydrogen atom from one of the monosaccharides
(gives water)
sex hormones are examples of?
lipids, more specifically, steroids
the formation of peptide bond involves the formation of
water molecule
a “saturated fat” molecule contains
only single bonds between the carbon atoms in the fatty acid chains
are The fatty acid tails of a phospholipid hydrophilic or hydrophobic? why
hydrophobic; have no charges to which water molecules can adhere
which is better? saturated or unsaturated fats?
unsaturated, because they increase HDL while saturated increase LDL
diff between glucose and glycogen?
Glucose is the sugar in our bloodstream that our body uses for energy. Glycogen is a stored form of energy.
how many monomers are in starch?
one, only glucose
carbs of blood sugar?
glucose
what is a sugar
monosaccharide or disaccharide (simple carbs)
what is a fatty acid
long chain of organic acid where the hydrocarbon chain is either saturated or not.
what is a phospholipid
two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol
