Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 1 > Lecture 3.B > Flashcards

Lecture 3.B Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are carbohydrates made up of

A

Carbohydrates are made up of one or more monomers called monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 Classes, 2 types of carbs

A 
Simple carbs
“sugars”
- Monosaccharide
- Disaccharide
Complex carbs(Starch ,Glycogen, Fiber)
- Polysaccharide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

examples of Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, Polysaccharide?

A 
Monosaccharide
-Glucose
-Fructose
Disaccharide
-Lactose
-Sucrose
Polysaccharide (used for energy storage)
-Glycogen (animals)
-Starch (plants)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Functions of carbohydrates

A
  1. ENERGY
  2. 1 Immediate energy. Cells use mainly glucose to make ATP: in prokaryotes & eukaryotes (neurons ♥ Carbs)

1.2 Energy STORAGE
Excess glucose stored as a polysaccharide: starch (plants) or glycogen (prokaryotes, animals, fungus)

  1. STRUCTURAL SUPPORT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what do cells mainly use to make atp?

A

glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the excess glucose stored as?

A

Excess glucose stored as a polysaccharide: starch (plants) or glycogen (prokaryotes, animals, fungus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What cells do with saccharides

A

mono: Can be used to make ATP
Can be bonded together to make di/polysaccharides

di: Can be digested to monosaccharides or bonded together to make polysaccharides

poly: Can be used as a source of
stored energy or for structural support.
Can be digested to disaccharides, then monosaccharides as needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are Photoautotrophs

A

Photoautotrophs make monosaccharides through photosynthesis
Include plants, photosynthetic protists, & Cyanobacteria
They make disaccharides & polysaccharides (starch & cellulose) by joining monosaccharides together… they don’t consume polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are Heterotrophs

A

Heterotrophs consume monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Include most bacteria, all animals, all fungi, many protists
Can join monosaccharides to form disaccharides & polysaccharides (glycogen or starch, depending on the organism).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what organelle uses glucose to make atp with cellular respiration? (immediate energy)

A

mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

through what process is atp made

A

cellular respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + ADP + Pi → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP + Heat energy

glucose + oxygen –> atp + co2 + heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the 2 ways to process glucose

A
  • used by mitochondria to make atp (cell.resp)

- fermentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Excess glucose stored as …?

A

starch or glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

when needed, starch or glycogen can break down into ..?

A

glucose monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the two types of STRUCTURAL SUPPORT

A

cellulose (glucose monomers bonded together)

chitin (glucose + other molecules)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is cellulose

A

Structural support

Cellulose (glucose monomers bonded together)
Plant cell wall made mainly of cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is chitin

A

structural support

Chitin (glucose + other molecules)
Exoskeletons (lobsters, crabs, insects…) & cell wall of fungus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

3 different polymers of glucose?

A

starch (Granules in plants)
glycogen (Liver, muscle)
cellulose (Plant cell wall made mainly of cellulose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what dietary fiber we cannot digest

A

cellulose, we don’t have enzymes to brake this Fiber.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Dietary fiber (polysaccharides) partially broken down by some microbes to..?

A

Bacteria in digestive systems of herbivores (cows, sheep: eat grass) & humans
Protists in termites (eat wood)
Fungi in the env’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

another function of simple carbs?

A

Carbs are also components (parts) of other molecules. DNA, RNA, glycolipids, glycoproteins, ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does determine the blood type

A

Glycolipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what hormones are used for Regulating blood sugar levels in animals

A

Produce hormones: insulin & glucagon

25
Q

where do hormones of insulin & glucagon get produced?

A

Vertebrates (mammals, birds, reptiles & amphibians) make these in a PANCREAS

Invertebrates: those that have blood (mulluscs, worms…), have CELLS that produce the hormones (no pancreas though)

26
Q

what is insulin

A

Insulin (hormone) released when blood sugar (glucose) is high: causes a drop in blood glucose

27
Q

what is glucagon

A

Glucagon (hormone) released when blood sugar low or in response to (sympathetic) nervous system causes an increase in blood glucose

28
Q

are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Since mostly C,H mostly hydrophobic

they don’t dissolve in water

29
Q

3 Types of Lipids

A
  1. Fats: cis & trans
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Steroids: sterols & steroid hormones
30
Q

function of fats?

A
  1. 2x more ENERGY/gram than carbs

2. insulates & protects internal organs

31
Q

what is a fat made up of

A 
1 fat (triglyceride) = 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Requires 3 dehydration synthesis reactions
32
Q

Fatty acids can differ in ..?

A
  1. Length of their carbon chain
  2. Level of saturation
    Saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated
    Affects the SHAPE of the fatty acid: straight vs bent
33
Q

what are Saturated fatty acids

A

have hydrogen atoms surrounding every carbon in the chain; they have NO DOUBLE BONDS
(have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible)

34
Q

what are MONOunsaturated fatty acids

A

1 double bond b/w carbons (lack hydrogen atoms in 1 region)

each double bond in the fa causes a bend in the fa

35
Q

what are POLYunsaturated fatty acids

A

2 or more double bonds b/w carbons (lack hydrogen atoms in 2 or more regions)
each double bond in the fa causes a bend in the fa

36
Q

types of UNSATURATED FA and their diff?

A

Cis FA: H on the ___SAME_ side of double bond

Trans FA: H on the _DIFFERENT___ side of double bond

37
Q

what is Hydrogenation

A

Hydrogenation: add hydrogen
Process developed to increase the shelf life (fat doesn’t get oxidized)
Not healthy

38
Q

which one of trans/cis fats is better?

A

cis!
Trans fats: ↑ “bad cholesterol” (LDL) & ↓ “good cholesterol (HDL) & when incorporated into cell membranes (recall phospholipids), can cause them to become malformed

39
Q

what are Phospholipids made up of

A

2 molecules of fatty acids: hydrophobic (tails)
1 glycerol molecule: hydrophilic (head)
1 phosphate molecule: hydrophilic (head)

40
Q

Cell membrane is made of ?

A

phospholipids

41
Q

what are Steroids

A

Lipids containing multiple rings of carbon atoms

42
Q

what are bile acids

A

Bile acids are sterols made in the liver

43
Q

… is a precursor to bile acids

A

cholesterol is a precursor to bile acids

44
Q

what do steroid hormones do

A

Increase muscle mass & strength.

45
Q

Steroid hormones ?

A

Estrogen (female)
TESTOSTERONE (male)
VITAMIN D (sunshine)

46
Q

sterols made by liver

A

CHOLESTEROL-Minor component of animal cell membranes

BILE ACIDS -Important for digestion of fat

47
Q

In the formation of a disaccharide, the bond between the 2 monosaccharides is formed by the removal of:

A

a hydroxyl group (OH) from one of the monosaccharides
and
a hydrogen atom from one of the monosaccharides

(gives water)

48
Q

sex hormones are examples of?

A

lipids, more specifically, steroids

49
Q

the formation of peptide bond involves the formation of

A

water molecule

50
Q

a “saturated fat” molecule contains

A

only single bonds between the carbon atoms in the fatty acid chains

51
Q

are The fatty acid tails of a phospholipid hydrophilic or hydrophobic? why

A

hydrophobic; have no charges to which water molecules can adhere

52
Q

which is better? saturated or unsaturated fats?

A

unsaturated, because they increase HDL while saturated increase LDL

53
Q

diff between glucose and glycogen?

A

Glucose is the sugar in our bloodstream that our body uses for energy. Glycogen is a stored form of energy.

54
Q

how many monomers are in starch?

A

one, only glucose

55
Q

carbs of blood sugar?

A

glucose

56
Q

what is a sugar

A

monosaccharide or disaccharide (simple carbs)

57
Q

what is a fatty acid

A

long chain of organic acid where the hydrocarbon chain is either saturated or not.

58
Q

what is a phospholipid

A

two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol

Biology 1 (39 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions