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Biology 1 > Lecture 15.A > Flashcards

Lecture 15.A Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 4 types of plants

A
  • moss
  • ferns
  • gymnosperms
  • angiosperms
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2
Q

which plants are not vascular ?

A

bryophytes (moss)

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3
Q

the plants may have evolved from a group of ___

A

aquatic green algae (protists)

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4
Q

are green algae categorized as plants?

A

no

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5
Q

What is a Plant ?

A

Multicellular, eukaryotic
Cellulose in cell wall
Store excess glucose as starch

Form embryos

Most Terrestrial (sea grasses are aquatic)
Most have roots, stems, leaves (algae don’t have)
Autotrophic: (almost all) produce own organic compounds

Have adaptations that allow for survival & reproduction on land

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6
Q

what is the most common plant? %?

A

angiosperms, 87%

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7
Q

GAMETES ARE PROTECTED IN __.

A

POLLENGRAINS

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8
Q

Organ systems of plants?

A

shoot (made up of stems & leaves) & root systems

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9
Q

organs of plants?

A

stems, leaves, roots (additional organs in higher plants)

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10
Q

tissues of plants?

A

xylem, phloem, epidermis

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11
Q

Almost (vascular ones) all plants have these (vegetative) organs

A

roots, stems, leaves

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12
Q

function of stems?

A

Stems: ↑ height of plants & ↑ exposure to light
Transport of nutrients
Support for leaves, flowers, fruits

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13
Q

function of roots

A

Roots: Anchor plants, nutrient uptake & storage

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14
Q

function of Leaves

A

Leaves: Site of photosynthesis

↑ surface area exposed to light: ↑ photosynthesis

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15
Q

reproduction organs of angiosperms? (male & female)

A

Female flowers: ovary (which contain the ovule), stigma, style, and petals
Male flowers: anthers (contain pollen grains), filaments, and petals

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16
Q

reproduction organs of gymnosperms? (male & female)

A

Female cones contain the ovule (which contains the egg)

Male cones contain pollen grains (contains sperm)

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17
Q

reproduction organs of ferns? (male & female)

A

Female archegonium, contains a single egg.

The male antheridium, contains many flagellated sperm.

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18
Q

reproduction organs of moss? (male & female)

A

Female archegonium contains eggs,

male antheridium contains sperm.

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19
Q

function of epidermis

A

Epidermis: covers plant surfaces

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20
Q

function of vascular tissue

A

Vascular tissue : transports nutrients

Essential to distribute nutrients, hormones

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21
Q

function of ground tissue

A

Ground tissue: performs specific functions like photosynthesis, food storage, hormone production

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22
Q

what reactions do plants do?

A

plants do photosynthesis (need CO2, make O2) & cellular respiration (need O2, make CO2)

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23
Q

which organ in plants is responsible for photosynthesis?

A

mesophyll

24
Q

function of xylem

A

Xylem (made up of dead cells)–water, minerals

25
Q

function of phloem

A

Phloem (alive)- sugars, aa, fa, hormones

26
Q

Rhizoids?

A

root-like ie anchor them to their substrate, but no vascular tissue here so can absorb water & nutrients, but 1) so do “leaves” & 2) nutrients must be distributed by cell-to-cell diffusion.

27
Q

how do water and nutrients move in the non-vascular plants?

A

by diffusion from cell to cell.

28
Q

Nutrients move between cells by diffusion through __

A

plasmodesmata (pores)

29
Q

Benefits to living on land (plants)

A

Sun not filtered by water and plankton
Great for photosynthesis, but have developed adaptations to protect against UV damage

More plentiful CO2

Nutrient-rich soil

30
Q

plant challenges (water and on land): Water loss

A

water: not a problem
land: Plant body, gametes, & embryos can dry out (desiccation) (waxy cuticle & reproductive adaptations)

31
Q

plant challenges (water and on land): gas exchange

A

water: by diffusion -gases dissolved in water
land: Reduced due to waxy cuticle. (Stomata)

32
Q

plant challenges (water and on land): structural support

A

water: not a problem
land: Gravity may cause collapsing (lignin in vascular tissue)

33
Q

plant challenges (water and on land): reproduction

A

water: flagellated (swimming) gametes must find the egg
land: Fertilization: Little water for swimming gametes (some swim, others float thru air or transported by pollinators).

34
Q

function of waxy cuticle

A

Protects against

  1. Water loss by evaporation
  2. Microbes
35
Q

function of stomata

A

Photosynthesis: let in CO2, let out O2
Cellular respiration: O2 in, CO2 out
Transpiration: let out H2O vapor. Close if loosing too much water.

36
Q

what are stomata

A

Pores on surface of leaves & stems for gas exchange

37
Q

Why would a plant die if left outside for several days when it is hot & dry?

A

stomata will close in order to prevent water loss, will not do photosynthesis, no cellular respiration, because no gas exchange. (no carbs made)

38
Q

what are Mycorrhiza

A

the name for a mutualistic association between a fungus & a land plant

39
Q

what are Rhizomes

A

underground stem (don’t confuse with rhizoids)

40
Q

Plant Adaptations to Hot/Dry Climates To limit water loss:

A

thick cuticle, fewer stomata, opening stomata only at night to gather and store CO2

41
Q

Plant Adaptations to Hot/Dry Climates To store water:

A

Enlarged stems for water storage (ex. cacti)

Thicker leaves for water storage (ex. aloe)

42
Q

Plant Adaptations to Hot/Dry Climates To take up water:

A

Deep root systems

Shallow laterally extensive root systems

43
Q

Plant Adaptations to Wet Climates?

A

Thin cuticle (if any)
Air sacs and large flat leaves for flotation
Increased number of stomata

44
Q

Plant Adaptations in the cold?

A

Conical shape & flexible branches shed snow.

Evergreen: more time for photosynthesis*

45
Q

why does salt kill plants?

A

salt draws water out of the cells

46
Q

plant adaptation to salty water?

A

salt glands that excrete salt from the cells

47
Q

plant adaptation to nitrogen-poor soil

A

they become Mixotrophic, so they consume the nitrogen from insects

48
Q

can photosynthetic plants parasitize other plants?

A

yes, you can have photosynthetic plants that parasitize other plants.

49
Q

Aside from plants, what other organisms are producers?

A 
Cyanobacteria
Photosynthetic protists (desmids, diatoms, euglena)
50
Q

how is photosynthesis related to carbon fixation

A

Carbon fixation occurs during photosynthesis, when CO2 in the air is incorporated (fixed) into sugar (an organic molecule).

51
Q

Why is nitrogen needed by plants

A

They need it to make various molecules including, but not limited to, amino acids and nucleic acids.

52
Q

How is vascular tissue similar to our circulatory system?

A

Like our circulatory system, it is used to transport nutrients, hormones, and various other chemicals, throughout the body.

53
Q

why must non-vascular plants live in moist surroundings?

A

Since they don’t have vascular tissue, they don’t have roots for efficient uptake of water and they must transport their water from cell-to-cell. In addition, they require water for reproduction.

54
Q

Why would a plant die if left outside for several days when it is hot & dry?

A

For 2 reasons: 1. It would become dehydrated: water would leave the root cells by osmosis & 2. The stomata would be closed to reduce water loss, preventing the cells in the leaf from doing cellular respiration (so no ATP, cells die) or photosynthesis (if over a long time, plant dies).

55
Q

What limits the growth of moss as compared to a sycamore tree?

A

Absence of lignin & vascular tissue

56
Q

what are the 3 components of a seed

A

a seed coat, an embryo, and a cotyledon.

Biology 1 (39 decks)

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