Lecture 15.b

Question 1

characteristics of Ferns

Answer 1

no seeds, still need water to reproduce

Question 2

characteristics of Gymnosperms

Answer 2

pollination, naked seeds, reproduction is independent of water
Gametes protected in pollen grains & ovules
Reproduce by forming seeds
Seeds exposed on a stem or in a cone

Question 3

characteristics of Angiosperms

Answer 3

Gametes protected in pollen grains & ovules
Reproduce by forming seeds
Seeds enclosed/protected in an ovary→ fruit
no water for reproduction

Question 4

how many % of plants have vascular tissue?

Answer 4

93%

Question 5

characteristics of Bryophytes

Answer 5

Photosynthetic, (some have waxy cuticle & stomata) BUT:

No vascular system:
get water & nutrients by cell-to-cell diffusion
Small compact, slow growing

Generally live in moist environments b/c they need water for reproduction

Question 6

which plants have Plasmodesmata?

Answer 6

all plants have Plasmodesmata (pores in cell wall) between their cells

Question 7

function of Plasmodesmata

Answer 7

Water & small solutes can pass freely from cell to cell.

Question 8

what is a sporophyte

Answer 8

Following fertilization, a diploid zygote develops, in the female gametophyte, into a sporophyte (bryophytes)

Question 9

function of VASCULAR TISSUE:

Answer 9

absorb & distribute water & nutrients to leaves meters away

Can grow BIGGER

Question 10

where are seeds protected in an angiosperm

Answer 10

ovary

Question 11

ovules in plant: uni/multicellular?

Answer 11

multicellular

Question 12

Ovule protects egg from __

Answer 12

desiccation (dehydration)

Question 13

Seed anatomy

Answer 13

An embryo +
Food supply +
Protective coat

Question 14

Advantages to having seeds

Answer 14

Seed coat protects embryo from desiccation & from getting crushed.

Seeds contain an abundant food supply for the embryo: embryo can develop (see #3)

Embryonic development is very advanced before the seed germinates & the plant is exposed to the environment. Compare with moss & ferns: embryos never protected

Mechanisms for seed dispersal ensure that the embryo will grow away from parent plant to reduce competition with the parent

Question 15

how can the Seeds be dispersed

Answer 15

Seeds dispersed by WIND or by ANIMALS: ex dog or forgetful squirrels
(they eat them, poop)

Question 16

function of Air sacs

Answer 16

allow them to be dispersed great distances by wind

Question 17

plant Gametes protected by ___&___

Answer 17

pollen grain & ovule

Question 18

why do some pollen grains do not have air bladders

Answer 18

because they get dispersed by pollinators

Question 19

Pistil is made up of ?

Answer 19

Stigma: sticky
Style (long tube)
Ovary: contains ovules

Question 20

Fertilized egg cell in ovule

Answer 20

Ovule → Seed (contains embryo)

Ovary → Fruit

Question 21

Ecological Importance of Plants?

Answer 21

Base of terrestrial food chain
Produce oxygen (& CO2)
Carbon store (fix CO2)
Moderate climate (shade & fix CO2, a greenhouse gas)
Provide cover/habitat for wildlife
Stabilize soil (roots)

Question 22

Economic importance of plants?

Answer 22

All our major food crops
Paper, wood for homes/furniture
Medicines