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Biology 1 > Lecture 21 > Flashcards

Lecture 21 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

2 major groups of fungi?

A

Yeast & mold

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2
Q

What is this grouping (fungi) based on

A

body plan

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3
Q

Which group of fungi are almost always found as unicellular organisms?

A

Yeast

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4
Q

Which of the 2 groups of fungi always form hyphae (the other group only rarely forms hyphae)?

A

mold

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5
Q

What is the difference between hypha (pl. hyphae) and mycelium (pl. mycelia)?

A

A mycellium is made up of hyphae that have branched.

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6
Q

Are hyphae made up of 1n or 2n cells?

A

1n

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7
Q

How is the function of hyphae in a fruiting body different from the hyphae that form mycellium?

A

The hyphae in a fruiting body function in reproduction (spore production) while the hyphae that form mycelium can be involved in digesting & absorbing nutrients as well as in reproduction. In other words, the hyphae in a fruiting body only function in reproduction (not involved in nutrition).

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8
Q

What is the name of the structure that looks white and slightly brownish “fuzz”? (rotten strawberries)

A

Mycellia

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9
Q

do spores, hyphae, yeast have a cell wall?

A

yes.

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10
Q

What is a spore?

A

A single-celled reproductive structure that is dispersed into the environment & can grow into a hypha.

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11
Q

2 structures that contain spores

A

Sporangia & fruiting bodies.

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12
Q

Considering fungi’s mode of nutrition, which of the following organelle(s) would you expect to see an abundance of? Justify your answer.

A

vesicles. Golgi. rER.
While you will have all of these, the question is referring to the fact that fungi secrete exoenzymes in order to decompose organic matter; these exoenzymes are made by the endomembrane system

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13
Q

Fungi characteristics

A
  1. Eukaryotes, most multicellular
  2. Decomposers (by def’n are heterotrophic): nutritional mode & role in ecosystem
  3. Cell walls (made of chitin): can withstand osmosis (like plant cells, won’t lyse in water)
  4. Sexual (genetic diversity) & asexual reproduction
  5. Non-motile: has major impact on their “lifestyle”.
  6. haploid cells
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14
Q

where do fungi live?

A

Grow best in moist LAND habitats but found almost everywhere on land (wherever organic material is present)
Mostly underground

Some live in digestive tract of sheep & cattle
Grow on bread, strawbs, animal poo
Almost all live in plant roots
Most yeasts, morels, lichens, plant roots
Mushrooms, on tree trunks

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15
Q

fungi tolerance (living conditions)

A

Can tolerate huge range of pH (2-9)
Some can grow in salt, sugar (unlike most bacteria)
Wide temperature range: Can grow even in fridge

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16
Q

Nutrition of fungi? how is that done

A

Heterotrophic
Secrete exoenzymes: Digest food then absorb digested molecules, + minerals, vitamins, water either directly across the plasma membrane or by cytosis

Decompose (break down) dead organic material using exoenzymes (saprophytic)

  • recycle vital nutrients (organic molecules & minerals)
  • essential for most terrestrial ecosystems (along with bacteria)
17
Q

Main storage carb in fungus is __

A

glycogen (as in animals).

18
Q

YEASTS: mostly _

A

UNICELLULAR

19
Q

Most MOLDS are : __

A

MULTICELLULAR

20
Q

Yeast reproduce mostly_

A

asexually (mitosis) (budding)

but sometimes sexual reproduction by release of 1n spores from 2n sporangia

21
Q

molds are mostly made up of?

A

hyphae

22
Q

how does hyphae form?

A

When a fungal spore (single cell) lands in a suitable spot, it germinates then undergoes mitosis to form a multicellular hypha

23
Q

Mitosis of haploid cells of fungi leads to __

A

formation of a hypha

24
Q

Hyphae can branch to form:

A

mycelium (used to obtain nutrients) (FOOD)

sporangia or fruiting bodies (for reproduction)

25
Q

what does Mycelia do

A

Infiltrate organic matter & absorb nutrients

26
Q

world’s biggest and oldest fungi?

A

The Humongous Fungus Armillaria solidipes is among the largest and oldest living organism

27
Q

Sporangia?

A

structure where spores are made

28
Q

are Spores motile?

A

Spores are non-motile

Dispersed by wind, water, or animals

29
Q

how are spores dispersed?

A

Dispersed by wind, water, or animals

30
Q

asexual reproduction in fungi? (how and what’s the result)

A

asexual reproduction by mitosis, spores released from sporangia

1n Spores
↓ Mitosis

1n Hypha
↓ Mitosis

1n Sporangia
differential gene expression

1n Spores

31
Q

sexual reproduction in fungi? (how and what’s the result)

A

meiosis produces genetically distinct 1n spores that are released from sporangia/fruiting body

Meiosis of 2n cells: makes four 1n cells
Each 1n cell can grow into a sporangium through mitosis
 Release of spores
 Formation of hyphae
 Sexual or asexual repro
32
Q

Shape and size of fruiting bodies depends on what?

A

The shape & size of fruiting bodies depends on fungal species & whether spores are dispersed by water, wind, or animals

33
Q

Ecological Significance of Fungus

A

Most fungi are DECOMPOSERS. Get nutrients from dead organic matter: fallen trees, animal corpses…

Symbiotic relationships:
Mutualism: Mycorrhizae, lichens, & some cases with animals
A small fraction are Parasites: cause disease/kill plants & animals

34
Q

__& __are the major decomposers of ecosystems.

A

bacteria and fungi

35
Q

how do fungi penetrate on large pieces of organic matter (unlike bacteria)

A

fungi can use their hyphae to penetrate larger pieces of organic matter (are found on surface & within the matter)

36
Q

Mycorrhizae ?

A

Type of fungus that forms a mutualistic relationship with plants (lives in their roots)
Mycorrhizae colonize the roots of over 90% of all vascular plants & are present in nonvascular plants

37
Q

Mutualism: b/w a fungus + a phototroph (algae or cyanobacterium) . who benefits what

A

Phototroph provides: organic food molecules

Fungus provides a home: ie a suitable physical environment for growth, CO2, water & minerals

38
Q

Economic importance of fungi

A

Mutualism, parasitism have economic impacts
Fungi also source of medicines
- Antibiotics

39
Q

importance of fungi on Food & drink

A

Baker’s & brewer’s yeast

Make alcohol, release CO2 by fermentation

Sugar from fruits (ex grapes) → alcohol in wine
Sugar from grains (ex barley) → alcohol in beer
Sugar + dough → CO2 bubbles make bread rise

Biology 1 (39 decks)

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