Lecture 17. B Flashcards
Exchange with surroundings cell level?
nutrients transported through the cell– body cells
waste products excreted.
what are some special organs for the respiratory system
Body surface - Gills Tracheal system Lungs
which animals do do gas exchange across the body surface
Most animals that do gas exchange across the body surface are simple aquatic animals
which organ for respiratory system is the most common
Tracheal system
Components of a Cardiovascular System
A circulatory fluid (ex. blood)
A muscular pump (heart)
System of tubes (blood vessels)
In general, animals with high/low? metabolic rates have more complex cardiovascular systems & more powerful hearts than animals with high/low? metabolic rates
In general, animals with high metabolic rates have more complex cardiovascular systems & more powerful hearts than animals with low metabolic rates
Single Circulation
Single ventricle pumps blood to gills Blood in gills pick up O2/ gets rid of CO2 O2-rich blood to body cells O2-poor blood via veins to atrium Atrium → ventricle gills ↓ body tissues ↓ Heart
example of animals with Single Circulation
fishes, turtle
Double circulation
Heart ↓ lungs ↓ Heart ↓ tissues
examples of animals with double circulation
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
function of valves in the heart?
VALVES PREVENT BACKFLOW AND ARE PRESENT IN THE HEART AND THE VEINS
WITH EVERY HEART BEAT, THE VALVES OPEN AND CLOSE SO THE AIR DOES NOT GO BACKWARD.
Which type of gas exchange will be most common in animals on land
tracheal system
Which type of gas exchange will be most common in animals in water
gills
almost all plants are autotrophic/heterotrophic?
autotrophic
almost all animals are autotrophic/heterotrophic?
heterotrophic
animals obtain their nutrients by ingesting /digesting
ingesting
fungi obtain their nutrients by ingesting /digesting
digesting
In all animals except for sponges, cells are organized into tissues which are organized into __, and __
organ and organ systems
Two types of tissues that are found only in animals?
muscle & nerve
animals have an internal skeleton, called an __
endoskeleton
Considering that the vast majority of animals are invertebrates, the most common type of skeletal system is the ?
External skeleton
amphibian means ?
“two lives,” referring to the fact that many amphibians, like frogs and salamanders, metamorphose from an aquatic stage to the terrestrial adult.
abundant food source in the egg?
albumin (the “egg white”) is stored protein while the egg yolk is mostly lipids.
Challenges to living on land plants vs animals: Water loss leading to desiccation
impervious waxy cuticle vs Skin or exoskeleton (ex grasshoppers, snails) and scales (snakes, alligators) that prevents or reduces water loss
Challenges to living on land plants vs animals: Gas exchange
stomata vs
Body surface (ex sponge, earthworms, frogs)
Gills (ex fish, lobster)
Tracheal system (insects)
Lungs (ex birds, reptiles, mammals, frogs)
Challenges to living on land plants vs animals: Structural support
vascular tissue reinforced with lignin vs vascular tissue reinforced with lignin
Challenges to living on land plants vs animals: Water regulation
true roots and stomata vs Digestive tract, urinary system, and skin
Challenges to living on land plants vs animals: Internal transport
xylem and phloem vs Circulatory system
Challenges to living on land plants vs animals: Gamete transfer
male gametes transferred by water or in pollen grain (pollination by wind or by pollinators)
vs
External fertilization in water
Internal fertilization on land
Challenges to living on land plants vs animals: Gamete dessiccation
Gametes of gymnosperms and angiosperms are protected in pollen grains.
vs
Internal fertilization on land
Challenges to living on land plants vs animals: Embryo dessiccation
In gymnosperms and angiosperms, embryo develops within the female cone or ovary.
vs
Reptiles and birds have the amniotic egg
Mammals develop inside mom
