Lecture 31 - Pharynx and Larynx Flashcards by Sara Cork

What are the three functions of the larynx?

Protection/isolation of the airway from the digestive tract
Control pulmonary air pressure
Vocalization

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What are the four cartilages of the larynx?

Epiglottis - Arytenoid - Thyroid - Cricoid

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What is the paired set of cartilages in the larynx?

Arytenoid

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What is the positioning of the epiglottis?

Extends from the larynx to a position caudal third of the tongue

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What does the stalk of the epiglottis do?

Articulates with the thyroid cartilage on ventral midline

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What does the caudal horn of the thyroid cartilage articulate with?

Cricoid cartilage

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What function does the cricoid cartilage provide?

Facet for articulation with the thyroid cartilage at the junction of the lamina and ventral arch

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What types of movements can the arytenoid cartilage do?

Rotation
Medial-lateral
Dorsal-ventral (limited)

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What are the two processes of the arytenoids?

Muscular and vocal

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What direction are the muscular process of the arytenoids directed?

Laterally

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What way are the vocal processes directed?

Ventrally

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What are the two membranes of the larynx?

Vestibular and Vocal

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Where is the vestibular ligament located?

Caudal edge of a membrane connects lateral sides of the epiglottis to the cranial end of the arytenoid

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Where are the vocal ligaments located?

Cranial edge of a membrane that connects the cricoid, thyroid, and vocal processes of the arytenoid

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What is the action of the cricothyroideus m.?

Thyroid cartilage rotates at the cricothyroid joint

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What are the four effects of the laryngeal muscles on the vocal folds?

Adduction - Abduction

Lengthening - Shortening

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What does adduction of the vocal folds cause?

restricts airflow or produce phonation

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What does abduction of the vocal folds cause?

Increase airflow

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What does lengthening of the vocal folds cause?

Raise pitch of sound produced

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What does shortening of the vocal folds cause?

Lower the pitch of the sound

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What is the only muscle that abducts the vocal folds?

Dorsal Cricoarytenoid

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Where does the dorsal cricoarytenoid articulate?

Dorsal lamina of cricoid cartilage

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Where does the dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle insert?

Muscular process of the arytenoid

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What nerve innervates the dorsal cricoarytenoid?

Caudal laryngeal n.

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What occurs in regards to the muscles when abduction of the vocal folds occur?

Pull muscular process of arytenoid posteriorly

What are the five major nerves to the Larynx?

Superior- External - Internal - Recurrent - inferior

What does the sup laryngeal nerve come off of?

Branch of the vagus nerve

What does the sup laryngeal nerve give rise to?

External and internal laryngeal n.

What does the external laryngeal n. do?

Motor to the cricothyroid

What does the internal laryngeal nerve do?

Sensation from the larynx cranial to the vocal folds | Vestibular folds

Where is the recurrent laryngeal n.?

Runs inferior through the neck to approach larynx from the bottom

What does the inf laryngeal n branch from?

Recurrent laryngeal n.

What does the laryngeal n. do?

Carry motor to all other muscles and sensation from caudal half of larynx

What is the function of the cough reflex?

Prevent objects from getting into the trachea

How is the cough reflex intiated?

Object touches vestibular fold

What happens when the cough reflex is initiated?

Vocal folds are tightly ADDucted to prevent further passage

What two nerves are involved in the cough reflex?

Internal and inferior laryngeal

What function does the internal laryngeal n. provide in the cough reflex?

Sensation from the larynx cranial to the vocal folds, senses the object

What is deglutition?

Swallowing

What structures are involved in swallowing?

Tongue - Palate - Pharynx

What function does the soft palate have in swallowing?

Elevates to close off the nasal cavity

What function does the pharynx have in swallowing?

Approaches oral cavity and widens to receive food

What ellicits peristalsis in swallowing?

Food making contact with the pharyngeal wall

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

Nasopharynx - Oropharynx - Laryngopharynx

Where is the oropharynx?

inferior to the palatoglossal fold

What does the auditory tube do?

Connects middle ear to nasopharynx

What are the two muscle groups in regards to the pharynx?

Constrictors and movers

Where do the pharyngeal constrictors insert?

posterior midline connective tissue line

What do the pharyngeal constrictors do?

Produce peristaltic movements that push food to the esophagus

What do the pharyngeal movers do?

Put pharynx into position to begin swallowing

Where do the pharyngeal movers originate?

Put the pharynx into position to being swallowing

What are almost all the pharyngeal muscles innervated by?

CN X - vagus

Where do the pharyngeal movers originate?

Outside the pharyngeal wall and pass into the pharynx -

What are the pharyngeal constrictors?

Sup. Middle In pharagneal constrictor muscles

Where does the superior constictor originate?

On thyrohyoid and ceratohyoid elements of the hyoid apparatus

Where does the middle const. originate?

Originates on the lateral side of the thyroid lamina

Where does the inf constrictor originate?

On the lateral aspect of the ventral arch of the cricoid

What are the pharyngeal movers?

Pterygopharyngeus - Stylopharyngeus - Palatopharyngeus

Which mover is innervated by the Glossopharyngeal nerve?

Stylopharyngeus

Where does the pterygopharyngeus originate?

Pterygoid hammulus

Where does the stylopharyngeus originate?

Stylohyoid

What else does the stylopharyngeus do?

Pharyngeal dilator

What artery supplies most of the pharynx?

superior pharyngeal artery

What does the super. pharyngeal artery come off of?

External carotid

What does the ascending pharyngeal artery anastomose with in dogs?

Internal carotid artery

What two cranial nerves contribute to the plexus of the pharynx?

Glossopharyngeal N. -- and -- Vagus N.

What nerves are part of the gag reflex?

CN IX - X

What is the function behind the gag reflex?

Prevents swallowing of unexpected food or foreign objects

What starts the gag reflex?

Touching the pharyngeal mucosa of oropharynx

What provides the sensory innervation to the oropharynx?

CN IX - Glossopharyngeal

What happens when the gag reflex is started?

Wave of pharyngeal contraction that runs caudal to crainal

What does the CN IX contribute to?

Mostly sensory axons to the pharyngela plexus

What does the vagus nerve contribute to?

Motor axons to the pharyngeal plexus

What part of the larynx articulates with the temporal bone?

Hyoid apparatus