Lecture 17 - The Neck I

Question 1

Where is the thoracic inlet?

Answer 1

Space bounded by first rib, sternum and T1 vertebra

Question 2

What is the primary function of the thoracic inlet?

Answer 2

Primary passage way for structures between neck and thorax

Question 3

What does the vertebral column articulate with?

Answer 3

Occipital bone

Question 4

What are the main dorsocaudal features of the skull?

Answer 4

External occipital protuberance, nuchal crest, and mastoid process

Question 5

From rostral to caudal, list the main structures of the ventral portion of the skull?

Answer 5

Foramen lacerum, jugular foramen, hypoglossal canal, occipital condyle

Question 6

What is the normal number of cervical vertebra?

Answer 6

7

Question 7

What is the hyoid apparatus? (not function)

Answer 7

Bones running from temporal bones of skull into the neck

Question 8

What is the function of the hyoid apparatus?

Answer 8

Supporting the tongue, larynx, and pharynx

Question 9

Where are the laryngeal cartilages?

Answer 9

Cartilages at cranial end of the airway

Question 10

What is another name for C1?

Answer 10

Atlas

Question 11

What is the name for the facets on C1 what do they articulate with?

Answer 11

Articular facets, articulate with the occipital condyle

Question 12

What is a special structure of the C1?

Answer 12

Large transverse processes called wings or Alar processes

Question 13

What are the palpable landmarks of the atlas and axis?

Answer 13

Wing of atlas and the spinous process of the axis

Question 14

What are you unable to feel of the axis and atlas in horses and ruminants?

Answer 14

Spine of the axis

Question 15

Why are you unable to feel the spine of the axis in a horse?

Answer 15

Presence of a fatty crest and the cranial extent of the funicular portion of the ligamentum nuchae

Question 16

What are the three parts of the hyoid apparatus?

Answer 16

Stylohyoid, basihyoid, and thyrohyoid

Question 17

What is the stylohyoid?

Answer 17

Articulates with temporal bone (adjacent to the mastoid) via cartilage

Question 18

What is the cartilage that is associated with the stylohyoid?

Answer 18

Tympanohyoid cart.

Question 19

What is the basihyoid?

Answer 19

Unpaired, anchored in the musculature of the tongue

Question 20

What is the thyrohyoid?

Answer 20

Articulates with the thyroid cartilage

Question 21

What are the four dorsal muscles of the vertebral column?

Answer 21

Spinalis, semispinalis, longissimus, and splenius

Question 22

What is the origin of the splenius?

Answer 22

T1-T3 spines and cervical midline raphe

Question 23

What is the insertion of the splenius?

Answer 23

Nuchal crest and mastoid

Question 24

What nerve innervates the splenius?

Answer 24

Dorsal rami

Question 25

What is the action of the splenius?

Answer 25

Extend head and neck, some lateral bending of cervical region

Question 26

What are the three ventral vertebral column muscles?

Answer 26

longus colli, longus capitus, and scalenus

Question 27

What is another name for the ventral vertebral column muscles?

Answer 27

Hypaxial

Question 28

Where is the longus colli found?

Answer 28

Cranial thoracic vertebral bodies and cervical vertebral bodies and transverse processes

Question 29

Where is the longus capitus found?

Answer 29

Lateral to the longus colli from the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae to the ventral part of the skull

Question 30

Where is the scalenus m. found?

Answer 30

Often a group of three muscles, from caudal cervical vertebrae to cranial ribs

Question 31

What are the four rectus capitus muscles?

Answer 31

Dorsalis major - Dorsalis minor - Lateralis - Ventralis

Question 32

What are the two oblique capitus muscles?

Answer 32

Cranialis and Caudalis

Question 33

What is the function of the capitus muscles?

Answer 33

Fine control of the atlantoaxial and atlantooccipital joints

Question 34

What are the fascias of the neck?

Answer 34

Carotid sheath, pretracheal, and prevertebral

Question 35

What is within the carotid sheath?

Answer 35

Common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and VAGOSYMPATHETIC trunk

Question 36

What is within the pretracheal fascia?

Answer 36

Muscles and viscera of the ventral neck

Question 37

What is with in the prevertebral fascia?

Answer 37

All muscles associated with the vertebral column

Question 38

What happens when the ventral vertebral muscles pass into the thorax?

Answer 38

Prevertebral fascia blend with the endothoracic fascia

Question 39

What is the clinical significance of the region where the ventral vertebral muscles enter the thorax?

Answer 39

Possible route of infection

Question 40

What are the two primary cutaneous muscles over the neck?

Answer 40

Cutaneous colli and Platysma

Question 41

What is different about the cutaneous colli in horses?

Answer 41

Well developed near the manubrium, forms a thick cover over the caudal part of the jugular groove

Question 42

What is the most ventral, non-cutaneous, muscle of the neck?

Answer 42

Sternocephalicus

Question 43

What is the origin of the sternocephalicus?

Answer 43

Frist sternebra

Question 44

What is the insertion of the sternocephalicus?

Answer 44

Mastoid and nuchal crest

Question 45

What is the nerve that innervates the sternocephalicus?

Answer 45

Accessory nerve (CN XI)

Question 46

What is the action of the sternocephalicus?

Answer 46

Unilateral lateral flexion of the neck and Bilateral ventral flexion of the neck

Question 47

How is the sternocephalicus different in the horse?

Answer 47

Inserts on the manible and also thought to have a role in jaw opening

Question 48

What are the two groups of muscles that control the position of the hyoid? (very basic)

Answer 48

Cranial and caudal group

Question 49

What cranial muscles affect the positioning of the hyoid?

Answer 49

Muscles of the oral cavity, tongue, and pharynx

Question 50

What is the caudal muscles that affect the positioning of the hyoid?

Answer 50

Sternohyoideus - Omohyoideus - Sternothyroideus - Thyrohyoideus

Question 51

What once of the caudal muscles of the thyroid is not present in dogs and cats?

Answer 51

Omohyoideus

Question 52

Where in the horse is omohyoideus located?

Answer 52

Lateral to the sternohyoideus

Question 53

Where does the omohyoideus travel in horses?

Answer 53

Diverges from the sternohyoideus and goes more laterally toward the subscapular fascia