lecture 26-27 Flashcards
What is the role of bowman’s capsule?
It is the first step in the filtration of blood to form urine.
How dose bowman’s capsule work?
a bundle of capillaries called the glomerulas is wound within bowman’s capsule, which is very pours that allows ions to leave but not larger molecules like blood cells and platelets. These ions are then grabbed up by the bowmans capsule.
What is a nephron?
A structure found within the kidney (inner layer) that filter the blood.
True or false:
collecting ducts are connected to many nephrons
True
What is the next step after bowmans capsule?
The proximal tubule
What is the role of the proximal tubule?
The proximal tubule is covered in microvili to increase its surface area, allowing it to reabsorb Na+ and Cl- into them along with any other ions that are valuable.
What regulates Aquaporin?
ADH
What happens during periods of low ADH concentration?
You pee out more water.
What is are the layers of the kidney working from the outside in?
Cortex
Medulla
renal Pelvis
Ureter
Where is bowmans capsule located?
Within the cortex of the Kidney
Where is the loop of hendly found?
Within the Medulla
What is the relationship between Medulla thickness and urine concentration?
The thicker the medulla the more concentrated the urine.
Meaning that the loop of Henley must be involved in determining the concentration of urine
why would a desert animal need to have a super THICC loop of henley?
Becuase they want to hold onto water, the thicker the loop the more water is pulled out and the more concentrated the urine.
Would a bigger or smaller creature need to have a larger medulla?
A smaller creature. Large animals can more easily hold onto their water, thus they will have no need to invest evolutioon points into thicker Medullas within their kidneys.
True or false:
desert animals have larger loops of henley.
True,
How dose the loop of henley produce a single effect gradient?
through counter current multiplication
The descending limb is permeable where as the ascending limb is not permeable (although is actively transporting out (NaCl) into the interstitial fluid. Water then goes to balance this out from the descending tube.
This increases the concentration of the descending tube and of the interstitial fluid
Once it passes through the lop of henly, why don’t we always have super diluted urine.
This is because when we express aquaproin within the collecting duct (High ADH) then the water from the urine is absorbed back into the animals plasma (making the pee more concentrated)
or you express little aquaporin within the collecting duct (Low ADH) and water stays in the urine, allowing the animal to retain its ions among the urine more dilute.
Where is osmotic pressure the highest in the kidney?
It is highest within the medulla near the loop of Henley as salt is being actively pumped out into the medullas interstitial fluid.
Dose osmotic pressure within the medulla increase or decrease during dehydration?
It increases as you are actively attempting to hold onto water expressing high amounts of ADH to pull water back into the plasma of the animal.
How is water pulled out of the collecting duct?
Through a high concentration gradient created by the loop of Henley. This gradient pulls out water into the extracellular fluid from the collecting duct.
What is the Vasa Recta?
A mesh of capillaries found in the bowman’s capsule used in counter current exchange.
What can we expect to see in terms of development of the renal papilla in aquatic species, mesic species, and arid speices ?
aquatic: little or no development of renal papilla in freshwater species
mesic: there is some development of renal papilla
arid species: The renal papilla is highly developed as their loop of Henley is massive (holding onto as much water as possible by creating a massive salt gradient outside the collecting duct for water to be pulled out of)
What determines the size the of renal papilla?
The size of the loop of henle
True or false:
Rodents have slightly less organized kidneys
True
True or false:
Insectivores have great excretory systems and a tightly organized kidney
True
What is co-transported with Na+ in the kidney?
glucose
What is CO2 turned into in the kidney?
It is turned into bicrabonate and used to drive the proton pump.
What is the main characteristic of the descending loop of henle?
It is impermeable to water but is permeable to Na and CL
What are the only cells that are replaced and repaired that are neurons?
Olfactory neurons
How do we test if someone has a neuro-degenerative desease?
Give them a smell test.
What are the two types of nephrons?
Loopless nephrons at the top of the kidney that do some filtration, these are tied directly to the collecting duct.
The proximal tubule before it goes down the ascending limb is ____________ in humans
isomotic
True or false:
inverts do not have isosmotic tubules
True
How many hearts do octopi have?
3 hearts
What is ammoniatelic?
Animals that excrete ammonia
What is ureotelic?
Animals that excrete urea
what is more effective? counter current or cocurrent?
Counter current
Where do we find co-current?
low performance animals
Where do we find counter current
In high performance animals
what generates more water buring fat or carbs?
Buring fat
water-say relations in fesh water animals
They are at higher osmotic pressies then that of their environment, so the water wants to get in the animal
The animal counteracts this by peeing out super diulte water through anntennal glands
True or false:
The tissues of the gills are super small to facilitate diffusion
True
Can salmon remodel their gills (due to them being anadromous)
Yes, although it takes weeks to do so.
_______ is critical for muscle function
Calcium
True or false:
osmoregulators are hypo-osmotic when compared to water
True
True or false;
Marine birds and some lizards use counter current exchange to jack up the concentration of salt in Avian glands to poor salt water out their beaks
True
What is the concentration of salt secreted from salt glads
470mM (2x as much as salt water)
