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ZOO 241 > lecture 26-27 > Flashcards

lecture 26-27 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of bowman’s capsule?

A

It is the first step in the filtration of blood to form urine.

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2
Q

How dose bowman’s capsule work?

A

a bundle of capillaries called the glomerulas is wound within bowman’s capsule, which is very pours that allows ions to leave but not larger molecules like blood cells and platelets. These ions are then grabbed up by the bowmans capsule.

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3
Q

What is a nephron?

A

A structure found within the kidney (inner layer) that filter the blood.

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4
Q

True or false:

collecting ducts are connected to many nephrons

A

True

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5
Q

What is the next step after bowmans capsule?

A

The proximal tubule

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6
Q

What is the role of the proximal tubule?

A

The proximal tubule is covered in microvili to increase its surface area, allowing it to reabsorb Na+ and Cl- into them along with any other ions that are valuable.

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7
Q

What regulates Aquaporin?

A

ADH

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8
Q

What happens during periods of low ADH concentration?

A

You pee out more water.

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9
Q

What is are the layers of the kidney working from the outside in?

A

Cortex
Medulla
renal Pelvis
Ureter

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10
Q

Where is bowmans capsule located?

A

Within the cortex of the Kidney

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11
Q

Where is the loop of hendly found?

A

Within the Medulla

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12
Q

What is the relationship between Medulla thickness and urine concentration?

A

The thicker the medulla the more concentrated the urine.

Meaning that the loop of Henley must be involved in determining the concentration of urine

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13
Q

why would a desert animal need to have a super THICC loop of henley?

A

Becuase they want to hold onto water, the thicker the loop the more water is pulled out and the more concentrated the urine.

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14
Q

Would a bigger or smaller creature need to have a larger medulla?

A

A smaller creature. Large animals can more easily hold onto their water, thus they will have no need to invest evolutioon points into thicker Medullas within their kidneys.

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15
Q

True or false:

desert animals have larger loops of henley.

A

True,

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16
Q

How dose the loop of henley produce a single effect gradient?

A

through counter current multiplication

The descending limb is permeable where as the ascending limb is not permeable (although is actively transporting out (NaCl) into the interstitial fluid. Water then goes to balance this out from the descending tube.

This increases the concentration of the descending tube and of the interstitial fluid

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17
Q

Once it passes through the lop of henly, why don’t we always have super diluted urine.

A

This is because when we express aquaproin within the collecting duct (High ADH) then the water from the urine is absorbed back into the animals plasma (making the pee more concentrated)

or you express little aquaporin within the collecting duct (Low ADH) and water stays in the urine, allowing the animal to retain its ions among the urine more dilute.

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18
Q

Where is osmotic pressure the highest in the kidney?

A

It is highest within the medulla near the loop of Henley as salt is being actively pumped out into the medullas interstitial fluid.

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19
Q

Dose osmotic pressure within the medulla increase or decrease during dehydration?

A

It increases as you are actively attempting to hold onto water expressing high amounts of ADH to pull water back into the plasma of the animal.

20
Q

How is water pulled out of the collecting duct?

A

Through a high concentration gradient created by the loop of Henley. This gradient pulls out water into the extracellular fluid from the collecting duct.

21
Q

What is the Vasa Recta?

A

A mesh of capillaries found in the bowman’s capsule used in counter current exchange.

22
Q

What can we expect to see in terms of development of the renal papilla in aquatic species, mesic species, and arid speices ?

A

aquatic: little or no development of renal papilla in freshwater species
mesic: there is some development of renal papilla

arid species: The renal papilla is highly developed as their loop of Henley is massive (holding onto as much water as possible by creating a massive salt gradient outside the collecting duct for water to be pulled out of)

23
Q

What determines the size the of renal papilla?

A

The size of the loop of henle

24
Q

True or false:

Rodents have slightly less organized kidneys

A

True

25
Q

True or false:

Insectivores have great excretory systems and a tightly organized kidney

A

True

26
Q

What is co-transported with Na+ in the kidney?

A

glucose

27
Q

What is CO2 turned into in the kidney?

A

It is turned into bicrabonate and used to drive the proton pump.

28
Q

What is the main characteristic of the descending loop of henle?

A

It is impermeable to water but is permeable to Na and CL

29
Q

What are the only cells that are replaced and repaired that are neurons?

A

Olfactory neurons

30
Q

How do we test if someone has a neuro-degenerative desease?

A

Give them a smell test.

31
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A

Loopless nephrons at the top of the kidney that do some filtration, these are tied directly to the collecting duct.

32
Q

The proximal tubule before it goes down the ascending limb is ____________ in humans

A

isomotic

33
Q

True or false:

inverts do not have isosmotic tubules

A

True

34
Q

How many hearts do octopi have?

A

3 hearts

35
Q

What is ammoniatelic?

A

Animals that excrete ammonia

36
Q

What is ureotelic?

A

Animals that excrete urea

37
Q

what is more effective? counter current or cocurrent?

A

Counter current

38
Q

Where do we find co-current?

A

low performance animals

39
Q

Where do we find counter current

A

In high performance animals

40
Q

what generates more water buring fat or carbs?

A

Buring fat

41
Q

water-say relations in fesh water animals

A

They are at higher osmotic pressies then that of their environment, so the water wants to get in the animal

The animal counteracts this by peeing out super diulte water through anntennal glands

42
Q

True or false:

The tissues of the gills are super small to facilitate diffusion

A

True

43
Q

Can salmon remodel their gills (due to them being anadromous)

A

Yes, although it takes weeks to do so.

44
Q

_______ is critical for muscle function

A

Calcium

45
Q

True or false:

osmoregulators are hypo-osmotic when compared to water

A

True

46
Q

True or false;
Marine birds and some lizards use counter current exchange to jack up the concentration of salt in Avian glands to poor salt water out their beaks

A

True

47
Q

What is the concentration of salt secreted from salt glads

A

470mM (2x as much as salt water)

ZOO 241 (17 decks)

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