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ZOO 241 > lecture 22-23 > Flashcards

lecture 22-23 Flashcards

1
Q

How deep can emperor penguins dive?

A

They can dive up to 500m for as long as 22 minutes!

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2
Q

How deep can sperm whales dive? and for how long?

A

200-800m

for as long as 60min

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3
Q

How deep can dolphins dive and for how long?

A

200m

5min

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4
Q

how deep can weddell seals dive and for how long?

A

100-600m

10-12min

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5
Q

how deep can elephant seals dive and for how long?

A

1600m

20-29min

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6
Q

What the old school idea of the diving response?

A
  • bradycardia
  • apnea
  • Peripheral vasoconstriction
  • Lactic acid washout
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7
Q

What is one main issue with early diving research?

A

Was conducted during “forces dives”

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8
Q

What is bradycardia

A

reduced heart rate

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9
Q

during old school diving studies what did they find out about heart rate during dives?

A

Bradycardia can be extreme during dives, be as low as 10% of resting heart rate.

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10
Q

What did old school diving studies find out about blood flow during dives?

A

They found that peripheral vasoconstriction was almost unanimous throughout the whole body. with the only blood flow increase seen going to the brain.

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11
Q

in old diving research, Why is vasoconstriction to peripheral tissues important during dives?

A

It maintains central arterial blood pressure while maintaining blood flow to the heart, brain, and adrenals

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12
Q

in old school diving research, what was believed to fuel dives?

A

they were thought to be anaerobic, being fueled by the Pasteur effect, with evedance of lactic acid washout.

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13
Q

What was found out about forced dives during modern diving research?

A

Forced dives displayed more stress responses, being proven to be a primitive response to asphyxiation.

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14
Q

In modern diving research, when is lactic acid washout seen? long dives or short dives?

A

Only during long dives.

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15
Q

Form modern research into diving, can we say if it is anaerobic or aerobic?

A

modern research has shown us that the majority of voluntary dives are entirely aerobic (uses oxygen to produce ATP, without the production of lactate)

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16
Q

What is ADL?

A

Aerobic diving limit

  • once a dive exceeds a certain threshold (ADL), then anaerobic metabolism is kicked in and lactic acid is produced.
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17
Q

What dose ADL tell us about the recovery time between dives?

A

ADL limits the production of lactic acid, and lactic acid washout. Thus decreasing the amount of time needed to rest between dives.

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18
Q

What happens during voluntary dives to the body?

4 things

A
  • the dive response is less pronounced
  • dives are generally conducted in the ADL
  • organs continue to function
  • physiological homeostasis is maintained.
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19
Q

What is hypometabolism? and what dose it tell us about diving mammals?

A

In dives that exceeded the ADL, we observed lower levels of lactic acid than predicted.

This suggest that there is a suppression of metabolism in order to limit the production of lactate.

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20
Q

What is diminished during hypometabolism?

A

The disturbance in acid-based hemostasis, and post dive recovery time.

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21
Q

What has been found in modern diving research about hypothermia in diving mammals?

A

Certain regions of the body become internally cooled during a dive in order to decrease oxygen demand.

Low temp = low oxygen demand (metabolism is slowed)

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22
Q

What are the THREE biggest differences seen in lactic forced dives vs voluntary dives?

A
  • Bradycardia was not as pronounced in voluntary dives although, peripheral vasoconstriction was found in both dives
  • Lactic acid wash out was only present in voluntary dives that exceeded the ADL
  • ADL is seen in voluntary dives.
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23
Q

What are the cardiovascular adjustments made during voluntary dives?

A

Bradycardia and peripheral vasodialtion in tandem result in blood flow decreases to tissues.

24
Q

What is the function of lowering heart rate in deep dives?

A

Lower metabolism and thus lower O2 demand

25
Q

What is the retia Mirabila? and what is its function during deep voluntary dives?

A

It is a system of closely-aligned blood vessels that allow the animal to trap oxygen via counter-current exchange

26
Q

What would we expect to see if we were examining the volume of capillaries in Harbour seals and Dogs?

A

Dogs would have 60% more capillaries in their tissues when compared to seals.

This is so that when seals dive there is less blood being sent to tissues, and lowered loss of O2 through caoileries to tissues.

27
Q

In summery, what are the cardiovascular adjustments made to Seals during D.V.D (Deep voluntary dives)

(3 things)

A
  • bradycardia
  • Peripheral vasoconstriction
  • modified vessels (retia mirabilia)
  • decreased capillaries.
28
Q

Where do seals store most of their O2? where do humans?

A

Seals store the majority of their O2 in their blood, with a moderate amount stored in muscles and nearly none in their respiratory reserves.

Humans on the other hand store a large portion in their respiratory and blood, with some in muscle

29
Q

What is Myoglobin and what is its function?

A

Myoglobin is a oxygen storage device that transports oxygen to your muscles, mostly found in skeletal and cardiovascular systems.

30
Q

Who would have a higher concentration of Myoglobin, seals or cows?

A

Seals have VASTLY more myoglobin then almost any other mammal. With up to 30x that of what is seen in terrestrial mammals.

31
Q

What is the correlation between myoglobin and dive duration?

A

Greater Myoglobin levels correlate to longer dive times.

Myoglobin feeds the diving mammal O2 so that it can conduct aerobic respiration, preventing lactic acid build up.

32
Q

What is the biggest diffrence between myoglobin and hemoglobin?

A

myoglobin will hold onto O2 for as long as it can, whereas hemoglobin will shed O2 far faster.

33
Q

How do diving mammals regulate the release of myoglobin? do they release it all at once? or slowly over time? why?

A

Myoglobin shows a linear rate of desaturation. Meaning that they slowly release this myoglobin into their system, as opposed to releasing it all at once.

This suggests that there is a physiologically-regulated mechanism that regulates myoglobin desaturation

34
Q

True or false:

Higher concentrations of myoglobin is associated with greater aerobic capacity?

A

True!

35
Q

What roles do Type I and Type IIa muscles play?

A

Type I:

  • slow twitch oxidative
  • low energetic activity

Type IIa:

  • Fast twitch oxidative
  • Higher contraction velocity used in more energetic activities
  • it is considered to be oxidative, but with enhanced anaerobic capacity.
36
Q

In summery, what are the primary oxygen storage in diving mammals? and what role do they play

A
  • Myoglobin ( has a lower P50 that hemoglobin acting as storage rather than a carrier)
  • When peripheral vasoconstriction occurs, the muscles become hypoxic decreasing the partial pressure of O2 within them. This allows myoglobin to slowly release O2 to the muscles.
37
Q

True or false:

myoglobin is also found in cardiac muscles

A

True!

38
Q

What is the primary swimming behavior in seals?

A

They sink rather than propel themselves downward (up to 90% of the time they are gliding rather than activly swimming)

39
Q

What is the advantage of seals mode of diving

A

Because they are not actively swimming they have use less oxygen, and less overall energy during the dive prolonging the dive duration.

40
Q

True or false:

Seals will dive when they have the most fat deposits as they are heavier and will sink faster.

A

False:

They will do the “sinking” dives when they have lowest fat deposits so that they will sink faster as Fat floats

41
Q

What is the role of the spleen in diving mammals?

A

The spleen is a red blood cell storage bank, allowing for oxygen to be drawn from it during dives like how people use diving tanks.

slowly releasing red blood cells into the body as to provide oxygen.

42
Q

What is Spleen venting and what function dose it play in diving mammals?

A

Spleen venting is when the spleen of an animal releases its contents rapidly into the blood space, allowing red blood cells to be “drip fed” into the circulatory system to boost oxygen-binding capacity.

43
Q

True or false:

There is a strong correlation between spleen size and maximum diving time.

A

True.

44
Q

True or false:

Because diving mammals have higher concentrations of myoglobin they have lower concentrations of hemoglobin.

A

False, they also have very high concentrations of hemoglobin.

45
Q

What is a “hematocrit”?

A

the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood.

46
Q

What is the role of Catechlamine in diving mammals?

4 things

A

Catechlamine (epinephrine and norepiniphrine) are predominant in the diving response for the following reasons:

  • during D.V.D blood flow to the adrenals (where Catechlamine is produced) is maintained
  • Catechlamine promote bradycardia
  • Catechlamine have roles in peripheral vasoconstriction, and primary roles in spleen contraction.
  • Catechlamine stimulate the breakdown of glycogen to glucose.
47
Q

Why not have a High Hematocrit all the time?

A

It increases blood viscosity (big bad bad)

48
Q

In summery what adaptations are made in the endocrine system for diving mammals?

A
  • Spleen acts as as scuba tank
  • When spleen contracts, there is an increase in red blood cells within the circulatory system
  • There is a correlation between spleen size and maximum dive time
  • Catechlamine affects dive response and spleen contraction.
49
Q

What are some of the issues associated with being under extreme pressures while diving?

A
  • lung collapse
  • High pressure Nervous syndrome
  • increases gas solubility
  • decompression sickness
50
Q

What adaptations are there in diving mammals for their airway and lung and airways.

( 3 things )

A
  • the trachea and the sternum are reinforced in some diving mammals to restrict collapse from elevated pressures
  • muscular attachments are enhanced to hold airways open.
  • bronchioles of diving mammals are strengthened with cartilage to prevent collapse
51
Q

True or false:

Alveoli in diving mammals are made to collapse.

A

True.

As the animal dives, the avioli collapse forcing air back into the bronchioles where it is trapped. Preventing increased nitrogen and oxygen levels associated with high pressure.

52
Q

True or false:

military sonar equipment has been linked to disrupted behavior and stranding of animals who rely on sonar for communication and orientation.

A

True.

53
Q

What is one psychological cause of sonar disruption in diving mammals?

A

Gas-filled bubbles in the liver tissue in whales is responsible for some deaths.

Thought to be associated with rapid ascents and descents forming bubbles in the blood due to rapid decompression. Sonar promotes these bubbles formation.

54
Q

What is neuroglobin? what is its role in diving mammals?

A

Neuroglobin is a oxygen carrier in the CNS and PNS that has been positively related to hypoxia tolerance.

neuroglobin binds O2 in a similar fashion to that of myoglobin, supplying oxygen to Neurol cells in hypoxic conditions.

55
Q

The ETC creates reactive oxygen species that can damage internal systems, how do diving mammals deal with this challenge?

A
  • Through the production of antioxidant enzymes that convert ROS into H2O2, H2O, and O2.
56
Q

What are the antioxidant enzymes that interact with ROS?

A

SOD converts O2- into H2O2

CAT & GPx interact with H2O2 to form H2O and O2.

ZOO 241 (17 decks)

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