lecture 11/12 Flashcards
Within the first step of Glycolysis, what is happening?
Glucose reacts with ATP to form
- ADP
- Glucose-6-phosphate
What happens during the second step of glycolysis?
Glucose-6-phosphate reacts to form fructose-6-phosphate
What happens during the third step of glycolysis?
Fructose-6-phosphate reacts with ATP to form:
- ADP
- Fructose-1,6-diphosphate
What is the key reactant within the first three stages of glycolysis?
ATP
Is oxygen being used within the first three stages of glycolysis?
No, not at all.
What happens at the fourth step of glycolysis?
Fructose-1,6-diphosphate reacts to form one of two things.
- Dihydroxy-acetone-phosphate.
or - Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
What does (2) 1,3-Diphosphoglyeric acid react with to make (2) 3-phosphoglyceric acid?
2x ADP
resulting in the production of 2x ATP
Within the secound half of glycolysis, how much ATP is being produced?
4 molecules of ATP
How much ATP is used within the first stage of glycolysis?
2 molecules of ATP
What is the end product of Glycolysis?
2x Pyruvic acid.
What is Pyruvic acid used for?
It provides energy to the cells through the Krebs cycle (TCA cycle)
What happens to Pyruvic acid within the TCA when oxygen is not present?
It ferments and becomes lactic acid.
Where does the TCA take place?
Within the inter membrane space of mitochondria.
What does the TCA cycle interact with to create FADH2
It interacts with inter-membrane protein II to facilitate the production of FADH2.
What is the goal of glycolysis?
To transform glucose into pryuvate, so it can entre into the Krebs cycle to produce more energy and produce more ATP in the process.
Within the Electron Transport Chain, how many proton pumps are there? How many carriers?
3 pronton pumps
2 carriers
What are the numerals for the proton pumps?
I,III, and IV are all proton pumps.
What is the goal of the proton pumps within the ETC?
They move ions across their gradient into the inner membrane space
What is used to facilitate the movement of ions through the ETC proton pumps?
NADH2 is used.
it gives up a proton and electrons, oxidizing to become NAD+
What is the function of Ubiquinone within the ETC?
It acts as a carrier of protons moving them to complex III
What is the function of Cytochrome C within the ETC?
It acts as a proton carrier and moves them to proton pump IV
What is the byproduct of the ETC?
It produces Water.
and it produces ATP
What is the main purpose of the ETC?
to generate a proton gradient.
What is an adaptation of mitochondria that allows for greater volume of ETC function?
The Mitochondria has a folded matrix, greatly increasing its SA/V ration.
What is the function of Complex 1?
It accepts hydrogen from NADH2, thereby regenerating NAD+.
The complex becomes reoxidized by passing hydrogen to Ubiquinone.
What is the function of Complex II?
It oxidizes succinate in the Kreb’s cycle, passing hydrogen’s to FAD to form FADH2, which then passes the Hydrogen’s to Ubiquinone.
What is the function of complex IV?
Passes electrons to elemental oxygen, forming water.
What happens as Electrons flow through complexes I,III, and IV?
They lose energy, which is then used to pump protons from the mitchondrial matrix into the inter membrane space.
What do you need to generate ATP? ___+___=ATP?
ADP + Pi
Is ATP synthase endo or exothermic?
It is endothermic. (makes more E)
What is the function of Brown adipose tissue?
It generates heat.
What is over-expressed within brown adipose tissue?
UCP1 and mitochondria.
What is the first step within oxidative phosphorylation
The proton electrochemical gradient is produced by electron transport, thus storing energy.
What is the second step of oxidative phosphorylation?
Back-diffusion of protons via ATP-synthase.
This provides energy synthesis to create ATP from ADP.
This is the mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation
What is the process of uncoupling, and what is its function?
Back-diffusion of protons in a specialized cell with UPC1, results in the production of heat in the place of ATP.
This is the mechanism of uncoupling.
What are oxygen radicals? why are they important?
They are unstable isotopes of Oxygen (H2O2)
that when generated react, oxidating your body cells.
What is the function of Anerobic glycolysis?
To generate ATP in a pinch.
Small amounts of ATP with high amounts of lactic acid.
Within Anerobic glycolysis, what direction does LDH go?
It goes both ways.
When you can’t regulate NAD+ what steps of Anerobic glycolysis can you not go between?
(2) Glyxeraldehyde-3-phosphate
to
(2) 1,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid
When you can’t regulate NAD+ why can’t you move past the second step of anerobic glycolysis?
Because
(2) Glyxeraldehyde-3-phosphate reacts with (2) NAD+ to form both (2) NADH2 and (2) 1,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid
What is the purpose of generating Lactic acid?
To generate NAD+
What happens to lactic acid once it is produced?
It goes to your liver, where LDH goes the way to generate pyruvate.
What are the two most important Phosphogens?
Creatine phospahte (found in muscle tissue)
and
Arginine phosphate
What reactions dose Creatine phospahte undergo?
Creatine phospahte + ADP ( and creatine kinase as a enzyme) to produce Creatine + ATP
What reactions do Arginine phosphate undergo?
Arginine phosphate + ADP (Arginine kinase enzyme) Arginine + ATP
What is Anabolisum?
The making/building up of something.
Why do we have anerobic glycolysis?
it is due to the fact that we can make ATP really fast when in emergency situations as a reserve.
or
to stand soooo still that no predator can sense you.
When doing an intense workout, what can we burn at a constant rate to maintain energy needs?
We can burn fat at a constant rate.
How much of our energy comes from fatty acids being brought to muscles by blood at the start of a intense workout?
40%
At the onset of a workout how much energy is is produced from glucose being brought to the muscles by blood?
roughly 10%
At the onset of a workout where does the majority (roughly 50%) of our energy come from?
Glucose from glycogen stored in exercising muscles
Are glycogen stores a long or short term energy supply?
Short term.
They go from %50 of total energy to %) after roughly 3.5 hours.
Why is being fast advantageous from a evolutionary preservative?
- avoid being eaten
- eating things faster
- find mate faster
- live long enough to sex
When exercising, the difference between the theoretical O2 demand and the actual O2 upatake at the start of exercise is the _________
Oxygen Deficit
When exercising, the difference between the theoretical O2 demand and the actual O2 uptake at the end of a workout is the___________
EPOC Excess postexercise oxygen consumption
What is EPOC?
The payment of the oxygen dept you collect from working out.
Between the start and end of a workout, what is the phase called?
pay-as-you-go phase
are aerobic system instantaneous?
No, they take time to amp up and cool down.
When you talk about metabolisum, you are actually talking about _________
the VO2 range
- the amount of O2 upatke an animal has the capacity for.
During light submaximal exercise, what do we see in regards to:
- actual o2 uptake vs theoretical uptake
- oxygen deficit
- EPOC
- actual O2 uptake is FAR lower, with a small diffrence between start-up, platue, and cool-down.
- very very tiny oxygen deficit
- very very tiny EPOC
During Heavy submaximal exercise, what do we see in regards to:
- actual o2 uptake vs theoretical uptake
- oxygen deficit
- EPOC
- actual O2 upatke starts very low, then increases to NEAR maximum O2 consumption.
- the oxygen deficit is low, but large still
- EPOC is low
During supramaximal exercise, what do we see in regards to:
- actual o2 uptake vs theoretical uptake
- oxygen deficit
- EPOC
- actual O2 consumption maxes out after the star-up phase. then gradually levels out on a curve after the pay as you go phase.
- the oxygen deficit is MASSIVE, way above the maximum O2 consumption
- the EPOC is also huge., forming a right angle traingle under the cool-down line.
Is it optiomal to do a supramaximal exercise?
no not at all, the oxygen radicals increase as you consume more oxygen.
additionally you encure a massive EPOC, due to having to use all the Oxygen possible.
Short distance runners use _________ ATP production.
Anaerobic
Long distance runners use __________ ATP production.
aerobic
Breaking what bond within ATP produces energy?
P bonds.
What kind of metabolism is related to burst activity?
Anaerobic metabolism.
What kind of metabolism is related to long term activity?
aerobic metabolism.
If a muscle punch contains a large volume of aerobic fibers, what are they built for?
- long distance aerobic activity.
Can you change the composition of your muscle fibers?
Yes you can through training
What drives respiration rate?
The oxygen needs of the animal.
What is a ectotherm?
An animal thats body temperature is driven by environmental temperatures.
What does hypoxia mean?
low oxygen.
