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ZOO 241 > lecture 11/12 > Flashcards

lecture 11/12 Flashcards

1
Q

Within the first step of Glycolysis, what is happening?

A

Glucose reacts with ATP to form

  • ADP
  • Glucose-6-phosphate
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2
Q

What happens during the second step of glycolysis?

A

Glucose-6-phosphate reacts to form fructose-6-phosphate

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3
Q

What happens during the third step of glycolysis?

A

Fructose-6-phosphate reacts with ATP to form:

  • ADP
  • Fructose-1,6-diphosphate
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4
Q

What is the key reactant within the first three stages of glycolysis?

A

ATP

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5
Q

Is oxygen being used within the first three stages of glycolysis?

A

No, not at all.

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6
Q

What happens at the fourth step of glycolysis?

A

Fructose-1,6-diphosphate reacts to form one of two things.

  • Dihydroxy-acetone-phosphate.
    or
  • Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
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7
Q

What does (2) 1,3-Diphosphoglyeric acid react with to make (2) 3-phosphoglyceric acid?

A

2x ADP

resulting in the production of 2x ATP

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8
Q

Within the secound half of glycolysis, how much ATP is being produced?

A

4 molecules of ATP

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9
Q

How much ATP is used within the first stage of glycolysis?

A

2 molecules of ATP

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10
Q

What is the end product of Glycolysis?

A

2x Pyruvic acid.

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11
Q

What is Pyruvic acid used for?

A

It provides energy to the cells through the Krebs cycle (TCA cycle)

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12
Q

What happens to Pyruvic acid within the TCA when oxygen is not present?

A

It ferments and becomes lactic acid.

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13
Q

Where does the TCA take place?

A

Within the inter membrane space of mitochondria.

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14
Q

What does the TCA cycle interact with to create FADH2

A

It interacts with inter-membrane protein II to facilitate the production of FADH2.

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15
Q

What is the goal of glycolysis?

A

To transform glucose into pryuvate, so it can entre into the Krebs cycle to produce more energy and produce more ATP in the process.

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16
Q

Within the Electron Transport Chain, how many proton pumps are there? How many carriers?

A

3 pronton pumps

2 carriers

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17
Q

What are the numerals for the proton pumps?

A

I,III, and IV are all proton pumps.

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18
Q

What is the goal of the proton pumps within the ETC?

A

They move ions across their gradient into the inner membrane space

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19
Q

What is used to facilitate the movement of ions through the ETC proton pumps?

A

NADH2 is used.

it gives up a proton and electrons, oxidizing to become NAD+

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20
Q

What is the function of Ubiquinone within the ETC?

A

It acts as a carrier of protons moving them to complex III

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21
Q

What is the function of Cytochrome C within the ETC?

A

It acts as a proton carrier and moves them to proton pump IV

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22
Q

What is the byproduct of the ETC?

A

It produces Water.

and it produces ATP

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23
Q

What is the main purpose of the ETC?

A

to generate a proton gradient.

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24
Q

What is an adaptation of mitochondria that allows for greater volume of ETC function?

A

The Mitochondria has a folded matrix, greatly increasing its SA/V ration.

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25
Q

What is the function of Complex 1?

A

It accepts hydrogen from NADH2, thereby regenerating NAD+.

The complex becomes reoxidized by passing hydrogen to Ubiquinone.

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26
Q

What is the function of Complex II?

A

It oxidizes succinate in the Kreb’s cycle, passing hydrogen’s to FAD to form FADH2, which then passes the Hydrogen’s to Ubiquinone.

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27
Q

What is the function of complex IV?

A

Passes electrons to elemental oxygen, forming water.

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28
Q

What happens as Electrons flow through complexes I,III, and IV?

A

They lose energy, which is then used to pump protons from the mitchondrial matrix into the inter membrane space.

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29
Q

What do you need to generate ATP? ___+___=ATP?

A

ADP + Pi

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30
Q

Is ATP synthase endo or exothermic?

A

It is endothermic. (makes more E)

31
Q

What is the function of Brown adipose tissue?

A

It generates heat.

32
Q

What is over-expressed within brown adipose tissue?

A

UCP1 and mitochondria.

33
Q

What is the first step within oxidative phosphorylation

A

The proton electrochemical gradient is produced by electron transport, thus storing energy.

34
Q

What is the second step of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Back-diffusion of protons via ATP-synthase.

This provides energy synthesis to create ATP from ADP.

This is the mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation

35
Q

What is the process of uncoupling, and what is its function?

A

Back-diffusion of protons in a specialized cell with UPC1, results in the production of heat in the place of ATP.
This is the mechanism of uncoupling.

36
Q

What are oxygen radicals? why are they important?

A

They are unstable isotopes of Oxygen (H2O2)

that when generated react, oxidating your body cells.

37
Q

What is the function of Anerobic glycolysis?

A

To generate ATP in a pinch.

Small amounts of ATP with high amounts of lactic acid.

38
Q

Within Anerobic glycolysis, what direction does LDH go?

A

It goes both ways.

39
Q

When you can’t regulate NAD+ what steps of Anerobic glycolysis can you not go between?

A

(2) Glyxeraldehyde-3-phosphate

to

(2) 1,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid

40
Q

When you can’t regulate NAD+ why can’t you move past the second step of anerobic glycolysis?

A

Because

(2) Glyxeraldehyde-3-phosphate reacts with (2) NAD+ to form both (2) NADH2 and (2) 1,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid

41
Q

What is the purpose of generating Lactic acid?

A

To generate NAD+

42
Q

What happens to lactic acid once it is produced?

A

It goes to your liver, where LDH goes the way to generate pyruvate.

43
Q

What are the two most important Phosphogens?

A

Creatine phospahte (found in muscle tissue)
and
Arginine phosphate

44
Q

What reactions dose Creatine phospahte undergo?

A

Creatine phospahte + ADP ( and creatine kinase as a enzyme) to produce Creatine + ATP

45
Q

What reactions do Arginine phosphate undergo?

A

Arginine phosphate + ADP (Arginine kinase enzyme) Arginine + ATP

46
Q

What is Anabolisum?

A

The making/building up of something.

47
Q

Why do we have anerobic glycolysis?

A

it is due to the fact that we can make ATP really fast when in emergency situations as a reserve.

or

to stand soooo still that no predator can sense you.

48
Q

When doing an intense workout, what can we burn at a constant rate to maintain energy needs?

A

We can burn fat at a constant rate.

49
Q

How much of our energy comes from fatty acids being brought to muscles by blood at the start of a intense workout?

A

40%

50
Q

At the onset of a workout how much energy is is produced from glucose being brought to the muscles by blood?

A

roughly 10%

51
Q

At the onset of a workout where does the majority (roughly 50%) of our energy come from?

A

Glucose from glycogen stored in exercising muscles

52
Q

Are glycogen stores a long or short term energy supply?

A

Short term.

They go from %50 of total energy to %) after roughly 3.5 hours.

53
Q

Why is being fast advantageous from a evolutionary preservative?

A
  • avoid being eaten
  • eating things faster
  • find mate faster
  • live long enough to sex
54
Q

When exercising, the difference between the theoretical O2 demand and the actual O2 upatake at the start of exercise is the _________

A

Oxygen Deficit

55
Q

When exercising, the difference between the theoretical O2 demand and the actual O2 uptake at the end of a workout is the___________

A 
EPOC
Excess 
postexercise
oxygen 
consumption
56
Q

What is EPOC?

A

The payment of the oxygen dept you collect from working out.

57
Q

Between the start and end of a workout, what is the phase called?

A

pay-as-you-go phase

58
Q

are aerobic system instantaneous?

A

No, they take time to amp up and cool down.

59
Q

When you talk about metabolisum, you are actually talking about _________

A

the VO2 range

  • the amount of O2 upatke an animal has the capacity for.
60
Q

During light submaximal exercise, what do we see in regards to:

  • actual o2 uptake vs theoretical uptake
  • oxygen deficit
  • EPOC
A
  • actual O2 uptake is FAR lower, with a small diffrence between start-up, platue, and cool-down.
  • very very tiny oxygen deficit
  • very very tiny EPOC
61
Q

During Heavy submaximal exercise, what do we see in regards to:

  • actual o2 uptake vs theoretical uptake
  • oxygen deficit
  • EPOC
A
  • actual O2 upatke starts very low, then increases to NEAR maximum O2 consumption.
  • the oxygen deficit is low, but large still
  • EPOC is low
62
Q

During supramaximal exercise, what do we see in regards to:

  • actual o2 uptake vs theoretical uptake
  • oxygen deficit
  • EPOC
A
  • actual O2 consumption maxes out after the star-up phase. then gradually levels out on a curve after the pay as you go phase.
  • the oxygen deficit is MASSIVE, way above the maximum O2 consumption
  • the EPOC is also huge., forming a right angle traingle under the cool-down line.
63
Q

Is it optiomal to do a supramaximal exercise?

A

no not at all, the oxygen radicals increase as you consume more oxygen.

additionally you encure a massive EPOC, due to having to use all the Oxygen possible.

64
Q

Short distance runners use _________ ATP production.

A

Anaerobic

65
Q

Long distance runners use __________ ATP production.

A

aerobic

66
Q

Breaking what bond within ATP produces energy?

A

P bonds.

67
Q

What kind of metabolism is related to burst activity?

A

Anaerobic metabolism.

68
Q

What kind of metabolism is related to long term activity?

A

aerobic metabolism.

69
Q

If a muscle punch contains a large volume of aerobic fibers, what are they built for?

A
  • long distance aerobic activity.
70
Q

Can you change the composition of your muscle fibers?

A

Yes you can through training

71
Q

What drives respiration rate?

A

The oxygen needs of the animal.

72
Q

What is a ectotherm?

A

An animal thats body temperature is driven by environmental temperatures.

73
Q

What does hypoxia mean?

A

low oxygen.

ZOO 241 (17 decks)

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