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ZOO 241 > Lecture 2/3 > Flashcards

Lecture 2/3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the levels of organization?

A 
Atomic 
Molecular 
Sub-cellular
Cellular 
Tissue 
Animal 
Species 
Ecological 
Global 
"Galaxial"
Universal
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2
Q

What is a solute?

A

A substance dissolved in solution

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3
Q

What is a solvent?

A

The most abundant compound in an area that you are defining

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4
Q

What is solubilize?

A

To make a substance more soluble.

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5
Q

What is insoluble?

A

A substance that cannot be dissolved in solution.

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6
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

solution that has a lower osmotic pressure than another solution (ie the inside of a cell)

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7
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

A solution that has a higher osmotic pressure than another solution.
(ie the inside of a cell)

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8
Q

What maintains a separation between internal and external environments?

A

The phosphlipid bilayer

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9
Q

What are integral porteins?

A

Proteins that are embedded in the phosphlipd by-layer (pumps)

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10
Q

What are Peripheral proteins?

A

proteins found within the cell that are noncovalently bonded to integral proteins or lipids.

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11
Q

What is the structure of a Phospholipid?

A
  • Polar (hydrophilic) head made of a choline and phosphate group.
  • Nonpolar (hydrophobic) tail made of a long fatty acid chain.
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12
Q

Is a phospholipid hydrophobic or philic?

A

Neither,

It is amphipathic

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13
Q

What are the five functional proteins?

A 
Channels 
Transporter/carrier 
Enzyme 
Receptor 
Structural protein
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14
Q

What is the function of a channel?

A

A channel permits simple or quasi-simple diffusion of solutes in aqueous solution, or osmosis of water through a membrane.

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15
Q

What is the function of a transporter/carrier?

A

Binds noncovalently and reversibly with specific molecules or ions to move across a membrane intact.

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16
Q

What is the function of an enzyme?

A

Catalyzes a chemical reaction in which covalent bonds are made or broken.

17
Q

What is the function of a receptor?

A

A receptor protein binds noncovalently with specific molecules and as a consequence of this binding, initiates a change in membrane permeability.

18
Q

What is the function of structural proteins?

A

A protein that is attached to other molecules, to anchor intracelluar elements to the cell membrane.

19
Q

What are tight junctions and separate junctions?

A

occlude the intercelluar space between two cells because not only do the cell membranes meet or fuse at such junctions.

20
Q

What is a desmosome?

A

A localized spot where the contact between cells is strengthened

21
Q

What is a Gap junction?

A

A Gap junction is a localized spot where the cytoplasms of two cells communicate through tiny pores. This communication goes both ways.

22
Q

What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

A

It bursts.

23
Q

Over time, the cell returns to normal volume by……

A

Regulating internal volume.

24
Q

What is the purpose of microvili?

A

To increase surface area for transportation.

25
Q

How can you pick out a endocrine cell?

A

They have no ducts, and only releases stuff into the blood system.

26
Q

When a cell has a lot of mitochondria what does it mean?

A

They are energy intensive, and important.

Generally in regards to transport.

27
Q

What are the two routes that a solute can take through a cell?

A

Transcelluar: Through the cell

Paracelluar: Beside/in between cells

28
Q

What two membranes must s solute pass through should it take a transcelluar route?

A

Must cross through both apical and basolateral cell membranes.

29
Q

What is the primary site on a enzyme called?

A

The Orthosteric site

30
Q

What is the secoundary site on an enzyme called?

A

The allosteric site

31
Q

What are the reaction steps to create lactic acid? (Lactate dehydrogenase enzyme)

A

Pyruvic acid +2H -> Lactic acid

32
Q

Do the fatty acid tails on phospholipids become saturated or unsaturated in cold temperatures?

A

They become unsaturated, generating more double bonds and increasing membrane fluidity.

33
Q

What is the key role of an enzyme in a reaction?

A

To lower the activation energy.

34
Q

How can you tell if a reaction if exothermic (graph)

A

IF the products have less energy than the reactents

35
Q

What are alloszymes?

A

Enzymes with differing affinity.

36
Q

What is Affinity?

A

The General liking of something

37
Q

How are Km and Affinity related?

A

Km is inversely related to Km

38
Q

What is Km?

A

the Substrate concentration needed for the enzyme catalyzed reaction to proceed at 1/2 of maximum velocity.

39
Q

What can we infer if the Vmax rises within a reaction?

A

Then the concentration of the Enzyme has increased in the reaction.

ZOO 241 (17 decks)

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