lecture 21 Flashcards
What is one enzyme that is targeted in fish to determine developmental changes during diet?
Citrate synthase.
What is the role of citrate synthase?
It feeds into the aerobic pathway of fish, and is primarily found in the first stage of the citric acid cycle to catalyze its first reaction.
Is a higher or lower concentration of citrate synthase favorable?
A higher concentration.
What is aerobic respiration?
the process of producing cellular energy that involves oxygen, being favored in endurance exercise such as long distance running.
What is anaerobic respiration?
The process of producing cellular energy in the absence of oxygen.
It involves the partial breakdown of glucose into lactic acid, which is then brought to the liver and turned back into glucose.
How much more food do we need to produce in order to feed earths growing population?
we need to produce 63.7% more food per hectare.
Why should we look at alternative forms of protein ?
The global population is growing, malnutrition is lowering, the amount of farm-able land is constant, and the average person is eating more.
What has the largest Feed conversion ratio?
Cows with a feed conversion ratio of 6
What is a feed conversion ratio?
he amount of return you get from the energy you put into an animal. (the smaller the number the better.
What is the smallest feed conversion ratio?
Fish (1.2) Crickets (1.0)
What is the feed conversion ratio of plants?
0
Why is it important to look at other forms of proteins?
We need to know if these proteins will have a impact on the development of mussel in youth, and how long it takes for us to lose muscle as we get older
What is Sarcopenia?
The extreme loss of muscle
What causes Sarcopenia?
The lack of stem cells in type II musle fibers
What are type one muscle fibers?
Aerobic muscles
- slow twitch
- low force high duration
- white muscle
What are type two muscle fibers?
Anaerobic muscles
- red muscle
- fast twitch
- high force
- low duration
What are satellite cells?
Cells that regenerate damages skeletal muscle fibers.
What is important about type two muscle cells in Sarcopenia?
Type tow muscle cells cannot regenerate themselves without satellite cells, thus leading to massive desegregation of cells volume.
Will changing your diet change your physical strength?
No
What will changing your diet effect?
It can change your body mass and size
How many amino acids are there? how many are essential amino acids?
There are 21 total ammio acids (two are made of stop codons)
there are 9 essential amino acids
(like lysine)
What happens when you starve your body of EAAs?
glucose oxidation increases as you metabolize more glucose to generate missing amino acids through the pentose phosphate cycle.
What is the function of the pentose phosphate cycle?
It constructs amino acids
What hormone dose soy contain that humans also have?
phytoestrognes
What is bad about ingesting estrogen?
4 things
- it interferes with sexual characteristics
- can lead to reduced reproductive fecundity
- Can lead to personality changes
- sex ratios are female skewed
in lab experiments, what dosage of esterogen leads to measurable effects?
1 ng/L
What happens to fish that are exposed to too much estrogen?
They grow oocytes in their gametes (males and females)
Can soy cause infertility in humans?
NO
Can soy cause men to grow a uterus?
Nope
how much soy would a person need to consume in order to see massive adverse effects from estrogen overexposure?
They would need to consume roughly 3000kcal/day for 15 years.
What is one potential danger for humans ingesting large volumes of soy?
phytoestrogens can cross the placenta and effect the fetus
What is the general rule of toxicology?
Everything is toxic, it just depends in the dosage.
