Lecture 24: Imaging the urogenital system Flashcards
t or f: prostate gland is normally visible on rads
false
what are causes for prostate gland enlargement
cysts, infection, BPH, cancer
identify 1-3
- Urinary bladder
- Colon
- Prostate
what wrong
mild prostatomegaly, triangle region of fat aids in dx
what are some causes of mineralization of prostate
- Cancer
- Chronic prostatitis
in castrated male with mineralization of prostate the cause is __until proven otherwise
cancer
castrated male: what wrong, identify 1-4
- Medial iliac LN (mineralized)
- Colon
- Prostate
- Urinary bladder
Mineralized prostate tumor with metastasis to medial iliac LN
ultrasound of prostate what wrong
tumor
What wrong and identify 1-2
- Urinary bladder
- Prostate
Paraprostatic cyst
what is size of dog kidney in VD
2.5-3.5x length of L2
what is size of cat kidney in VD
2.4-3.0 X length of L2
cat kidneys- normal or abnormal size
normal ~2.3-3x size if L2
what do kidneys displace when they have masses/enlarge
ventral displacement of intestine, especially colon
t or f: normal size kidney can still have disease
true
what wrong
Bilateral renal enlargement
Colon displaced ventrally
normal or abnormal sized kidneys
abnormal way larger than 2-3x size of L2
what are some causes of enlarged kidneys
- FIP
- Lymphoma
- Hydronephrosis
are these normal or abnormal sized kidneys, lines are 2.4x L2,
Identify 1
small kidneys
1. Cholesterol granuloma
what does an excretory urography evaluate
blood flow, GFR, tubular reabsorption of water
what contrast do you want to use in excretory urogram if patient is compromised
non-ionic
what are some contraindications for excretory urogram
- Azotemia and dehydration
- Pheochromocytoma, multiple myeloma
- Prior allergic reactions to contrast
for excretory urogram inject __ml/pound
1ml
what is protocol after inject contrast for excretory urogram
- Immediate VD radiograph- vascular phase
- Lateral and VD rad at 5 mins- nephrogram and pyelonephritis phases
- Lat and VD at 20 and 40 mins- urogram phase
what is indicated by 1-2 and what phase of urogram is this
- Renal artery
- Renal vein
Vascular phase
what phases of urogram are these
Pyelogram and urogram
what wrong Indicated by 1 and 2
- Ureter rupture
- Bladder rupture
Can see contrast medium leaking
Also fluid in peritoneal space
what are some signs of pyelonephritis
- Blunt diverticula
- Dilated pelvis
what is wrong with 1
renal infarct
which normal vs abnormal in 1 and 2- what wrong
- Abnormal- dilated pelvis— pyelonephritis
- Normal
what wrong and what are 2 causes
Blunted diverticula and dilated renal pelvis
Pyelonephritis and hydronephrosis
how do you do vaginourethrogram
- Foley catheter placed inside labia
- Labia clamped to seal outlet
- Contrast medium infused
vaginogram performed, identify 1-3
- Vagina
- Vestibule
- Urethra
vaginogram performed- what wrong, identify 1-4
ectopic ureters
1. Ectopic ureters
2. Vagina
3. Vestibule
4. Urethra
is urinary bladder easier to evaluate with rads or ultrasound
ultrasound
what wrong
urinary stones
if you are concerned for stones in penile urethra how can you position animal for rads
pull legs forward
what wrong with 1 and 2
- Prostatic hyperplasia
- Penile urethral stones
what disease is commonly associated with emphysematous cystitis
DM due to glucosuria
patient with DM presents with increased urination, difficulty urinating perform rad and ultrasound what wrong
emphysematous cystitis
What is positive contrast cystogram useful for
ruptures
What do you inject with negative contrast cystogram
CO2
what is double contrast cystogram good for
mucosa assessment, stones
identify which types of cystogram used
left: double contrast cystogram
Right: positive contrast cystogram
what wrong and what contrast method used
Urinary bladder masses
Positive contrast cystogram
what is double contrast cystogram used to assess
serosal margin, mucosal margin, bladder wall thickness, luminal filling defects
ultrasound of urinary bladder- what wrong
polypoid cystitis
what wrong and what contrast method used
Urinary bladder rupture
Positive contrast cystogram
what wrong/what arrows pointing at and what contrast method used
Arrows: air emboli around CVC and urinary bladder
Double contrast cystogram
what do you do if you see air emboli on rads
- Put animal in left lateral recumbency
- Elevate tail- makes it so right ventricle at highest point
- Traps air before getting to lungs
