Lecture 22: General Abdominal Radiography Flashcards
Radiographs or ultrasound: snapshot of disease
radiographs
radiographs or ultrasound: real time
ultrasound
what do you want kVp and mAs for abdominal radiographs and why
- High kVp (~70)- moderate contrast, shades of grey
- Moderate mAs (8-12) minimizes motion, maximizes contrast
what are your landmarks you want to include for abdominal x-ray
- Caudal thorax (diaphragm)
- Greater trochanter of femur
center X-ray beam caudal to __ for abdominal rad
Last rib
identify 1-2 and is this and right or left lateral- how do you know
- Stomach
- Colon
Right lateral- gas in fundus
Identify 1-4 and what view is this
VD
1. Left and right kidneys
2. Colon
3. Stomach
4. Spleen
what circled
liver
what is the most cranial organ in abdomen
liver
what side of the abdomen is spleen on
left
spleen is caudal to the __
stomach
on a VD the left kidney is medial to the __ and caudal to the __
Spleen, caudal to fundus of stomach
which kidney is typically more cranial on a VD
right
cranial aspect of teh right kidney is not seen due to
hidden by renal fossa of liver
what circled
stomach and duodenum
Identify 1-2 and what view is this
- Pylorus
- Duodenum
Left lateral- gas in pylorus
what circled
esophagus
What circled
liver
the pylorus is gas filled in what view
left lateral
the pylorus is caudal to the __
liver
what view is the descending duodenum gas filled
left lateral
what circled
duodenum
What circled
Spleen
what species is the spleen not seen in on lateral rads unless enlarged
cats
what circled
Right kidney
the __kidney is cranial to __kidney in left lateral
right, left
what circled
left kidney
The fundus is gas filled on what view
right lateral
what circled
urinary bladder
Why is a cat abdomen easier to evaluate on X-ray
increased fat, providing good detail and contrast
what circled and what is it often confused for
deep circumflex iliac artery
Confused for medial iliac lymph nodes or ureteral caliculi
what wrong/circled
nothing incidental finding- lucency on ventral aspect of L3-4- due to where diaphragm attaches
x-ray of cat- what wrong
cholesterol granulomas- incidental finding
what circled/wrong
spondylosis deform as
Where is retroperitoneal space located
dorsal to colon
what organs are in retroperitoneal space
kidneys, adrenal glands, lymph nodes
if you see colon displaced ventrally where is the problem likely
retroperitoneal space- problem with kidneys, adrenal glands or lymph nodes
with communicates with mediastinum- retroperitoneal or peritoneal space
retroperitoneal
the peritoneal space surrounds __
visceral organs
Identify spaces indicated by 1-2
- Retroperitoneal space
- Peritoneal space
in peritoneal space you get loss of __detail
serosal
what can cause loss of serosal detail in peritoneal space
- Poor rad technique
- Lack of fat content
- Peritoneal fluid
- Carcinomatosis
- Peritonitis
soft tissue and __ are similar opacities
fluid
which is better for peritoneal fluid: ultrasound or rads
ultrasound
emaciation has a similar appearance on rads to __
fluid
Why is it hard to differentiate emaciation vs fluid
lack of fat to provide contrast
how can you tell difference of fluid vs emaciation
Size of abdomen
Distended with fluid
what are some causes of peritoneal fluid
- Increased hydrostatic pressure
- Decreased oncotic pressure
- Capillary permeability
What wrong
peritoneal fluid
what wrong and what cause
Huge retroperitoneal space- compressing colon ventrally
Giant left kidney
What abdominal LN can you sometimes see on radiographs
medial iliac lymph node (sublumbar)
what wrong/what arrow pointing at
large medial iliac LN
Compressing colon ventrally
pneumoretroperitoneum is usually associated with __ and __
- Subcutaneous emphysema
- Pneumomediastinum
what wrong, location
pneumoretroperitoneum
Note black gas in retroperitoneal space, not peritoneal
pneumoperitoneum can persist __-__ days after surgery
10-14 days
pig abdomen, what wrong, what technique was used
Impaction- gave barium enema
what wrong
traumatic reticuloperitonitis- gas and fluid- can’t see cardiac silhouette
