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Diagnostic Imaging > Lecture 2: Radiation Safety > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Radiation Safety Flashcards

1
Q

X-rays are __, damage atoms by ejecting electrons

A

Ionizing

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2
Q

What is the result of Compton scatter

A

Electron is ejected and creates free radicals and affects DNA

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3
Q

What is the critical target in the body for radiation induced damage

A

DNA

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4
Q

Ionizing damage to DNA causes what 4 things

A
  1. Increase mutation rate
  2. Fetal abnormalities/ death
  3. Shortened life span
  4. Increase cancer risk
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5
Q

What radiation is the major source of exposure to veterinarians and technicians

A

Scatter radiation

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6
Q

Deterministic vs stochastic: which type of exposure has a threshold dose that exists and below that threshold side effects are not seen

A

Deterministic

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7
Q

With deterministic radiation exposure severity ___with dose

A

Increases

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8
Q

What are some side effect examples of deterministic radiation exposure

A

Radiation induced cataracts, radiation burns, sun burns

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9
Q

Deterministic vs stochastic radiation exposure: which can we prove and control

A

Deterministic

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10
Q

Stochastic radiation exposure severity is __of dose

A

Independent

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11
Q

T or F: no safe threshold exists for stochastic radiation exposure

A

True

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12
Q

What are some side effect examples of stochastic radiation exposure

A

Cancer, hereditary defects, mutations

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13
Q

T or F: we can prove stochastic side effects of radiation exposure

A

False

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14
Q

What are dosimeters used for

A

Measure radiation exposure

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15
Q

Where are dosimeters worn

A
  1. External badges at the level of the thyroid
  2. Badges under the gown at level of your belt
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16
Q

How often are dosimeters badges changed

A

Monthly or quarterly

17
Q

What units are used to measure radiation exposure

A

Sv (Sieverts) and rem

18
Q

1 Sv= __rem

A

100

19
Q

What does Sieverts (Sv) and rem measure and take into account

A

Takes into account the amount of radiation energy deposited in tissues and also the types of radiation used

20
Q

What is the occupational yearly dose limit for X-ray radiation exposure

A

0.05 Sv (5 rem)

21
Q

What is the lifetime occupational dose limit for X-ray radiation exposure

A

Age in years (0.01 Sv) or 1rem

22
Q

What is the dose limit for X-ray radiation exposure for pregnant people

A

0.05rem/month

23
Q

What is ALARA

A

As low as reasonably achievable

24
Q

How is ALARA achieved/what are the cardinal rules of radiation protection

A
  1. Decrease time
  2. Increase distance
  3. Shielding
25
Q

What is passive restraint when performing X-rays

A

Sedate the patient, use restraints like sandbags and rope to reduce exposure

26
Q

What is the inverse square law

A

Intensity of radiation at a given distance from a point source is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the object from the source

27
Q

Ex: if you move 4ft away from x-ray source, your exposure is reduced by __fold

A

16 fold (4^2)

28
Q

What substances are used as shields placed between individuals and radiation source to reduce exposure

A

Lead and concrete

29
Q

Body aprons, thyroid shields and gloves are made of ___most commonly

A

Lead impregnated vinyl

30
Q

What two areas of human tissue are very radiation sensitive

A

Breast tissue and thyroid gland

31
Q

Women or men: who is 4x more likely to develop radiation induced thyroid tumors

A

Women

32
Q

Gowns and gloves are good at protecting form ___radiation not __

A

Scatter, not primary X-ray beam

33
Q

How do you test your PPE equipment

A

X-ray gowns and gloves every 6 months to look for cracks

34
Q

Why do you want to collimate primary X-rays to area of interest (2 reasons)

A
  1. Reduces scatter because less patient tissue is exposed to primary X-rays
  2. Improved image quality and decrease human exposure
35
Q

What is the annual US average radiation exposure

A

360 mrem

36
Q

How much radiation exposure occurs from a sunburn

A

200 rem

37
Q

How much radiation exposure occurs from chest X-ray

A

25 mrem

Diagnostic Imaging (4 decks)

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