Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 311C > Lecture 21: protein synthesis > Flashcards

Lecture 21: protein synthesis Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA

A

-can replicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

transcription

A

info coded in the sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA is passed to a sequence of nucleotide bases in RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

translation

A

information in RNA is passed to polypeptides but never in the reverse (polypeptides to Nucleic acids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

muscle cells and nerve cells in one species of animal owe their differences in phenotype to

A

different proteins being synthesized; differential gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

we know that the “one gene codes for one protein” hypothesis is not entirely accurate because

A
  • many genes code oft RNAs that are not translated into proteins
  • a single gene may code for a single polypeptide Chaim, and many proteins are made up of more than one polypeptide chain
  • many genes code for immature mRNAs that are processed into different mRNAs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

four steps of eukaryotic protein synthesis

A
  1. transcription (nucleus)
  2. RNA processing (nucleus)
  3. translation (cytoplasm)
  4. protein modification (secondary, tertiary, quaternary modification)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Steps of protein synthesis

A
  1. transcription of DNA into all types of RNA
  2. modifications of the RNAs
  3. translation of mRNA sequences into amino acid sequences (polypeptides)
  4. folding and twisting of polypeptide into protein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

transcription

A

formation of any RNA sequence from a specific DNA sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

a particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is AGT. The corresponding codon of the mRNA transcribed is

A

UCA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

steps of transcription

A
  1. initiation: formation of transcription initiation complex
  2. elongation: synthesis of RNA
  3. termination: liberation of RNA from transcription unit
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Structure of the eukaryotic gene

A
  • control elements: promoter, TATA box, enhancers, silencers, terminators
  • introns: region of DNA that are transcribed but not translated
  • exons: regions of DNA that are translated and transcribed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

exons

A

often code for protein domains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

promoter

A

sequence of DNA that regulates transcription

  • regulatory protein binding regions
  • transcription factor binding site
  • RNA polymerase binding site
  • start point: transcription initiation site
  • made in cytoplasm then enters nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

transcription factors

A

proteins that help direct and regulate gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

required tools for transcriptions

A
  1. promoters
  2. nucleoside triphosphate (ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP)
  3. RNA polymerases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

transcription initiation complex (TIC)

A

suite of proteins and DNA that allow transcription to proceed

17
Q

which of the following is not required for eukaryotic transcription

A

DNA polymerase

18
Q

Protein synthesis in eukaryotes is a

A

four step process:

  1. transcription
  2. mRNA processing
  3. translation
  4. protein maturation
19
Q

RNA polymerase differ in that

A

RNA polymerase must initiate RNA and DNA synthesis

20
Q

translation

A

decoding of one chemical language (sequence of codons) to another (sequence of Amino acids)

21
Q

genetic code is

A
  • specific
  • redundant
  • universal
22
Q

codons

A

may code for the same amino acid as another codon

23
Q

initiation complex of translation

A
  • start codon
  • initiator (met)
  • tRNA
  • small subunit
  • large subunit
24
Q

tRNA

A
  • carries the AA to the growing peptide strand
  • mediates between mRNA and the polypeptide
  • specificity of tRNA-amino acid covalent bond (at 3’ end) due to aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
25
Q

Using RNA as a template for protein synthesis instead of translating protein directly from the DNA is advantageous for the cell because

A
  • RNA acts as an expendable copy of the genetic material, allowing the DNA to serve as a permanent, pristine repository of the genetic material
  • many mRNA molecules can be transcribed from a single gene, increasing the potential rate of gene expression
26
Q

RNA processing

A

modification of pre-mRNA transcript to mature mRNA transcript

27
Q

mature mRNA

A
  1. 5’ Cap-protects transcript from enzymes, ribosomal attachment site
  2. 5’ UTR: untranslated regulatory region
  3. start codon: initiation of translation
  4. stop codon: termination of translation
  5. 3’ UTR: untranslated regulatory region
  6. Poly-A tail: protects transcript, controls amount of translation of transcript
28
Q

RNA editing

A

removal of introns, alternative inclusions of exons allows for diverse proteins from one DNA transcription unit

29
Q

spliceosome

A

excises introns, unites exons in mature mRNA
-newly transcribed pre-mRNA is bound by snRNPs-small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles that recognize short sequences between exons and introns

30
Q

translation

A

mRNA sequence is used to create an amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

31
Q

elongation

A

codon recognition
peptide bond formation
translocation

32
Q

peptide bond formation

A

catalyzed by the ribozymal activity of the large subunit of the ribosome

33
Q

termination of translation

A

occurs when the ribosome encounters a STOP codon

34
Q

a eukaryotic protein is 300 amino acids long. which of the following could be the minimum number of the nucleotides in the DNA template strand that codes for the amino acid protein

A

903

35
Q

a eukaryotic protein is 300 amino acids long. which of the following could be the maximum number of nucleotides in the DNA template strand that codes for the amino acids in this protein?

A

cannot tell from the info given (don’t know # of introns)

Biology 311C (47 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions