Lecture 2: History Of APA Flashcards
Lecture 2:
What are the 4 Paradigms of the Evolution of Adapted PA?
1.) Facilities-based
2.) Service-based
3.) Supports-based
4.) Empowerment & self-determination
Lecture 2:
What year was the Facility-Based paradigm?
1900-1950
Lecture 2:
How did society deal with/treat people with disabilities during the Facility-Based Paradigm?
- children were sent to institutions & special schools (people didn’t know how to deal with them)
- individuals physically isolated if had physical/mental challenges
- few interventions/PA programs (low expectations & not individualized)
- almost no attention given to physical fitness in lifetime activities
Lecture 2:
During the Facility-Based Paradigm, what happened if children with disabilities attended a community-based school?
- frequently exempted from Physical education
- believed they were unable to benefit from PA & could be harmed by vigorous activity
- no thoughts to adapt or change requirements
Lecture 2:
During the Facility-Based Paradigm, how did programming begin to change?
Began to change from “neglect” to “corrective therapy”
- Medical viewpoint (1920’s) though people were “sick”
- thought disabled needed a “cure”
- disabilities viewed as difficulties/limitations
Lecture 2:
During the Facility-Based Paradigm, what was the Corrective Therapy viewpoint?
Corrective therapy attempted to alleviate physical & orthopedic problems
- ignored intellectual & invisible disabilities as they didn’t think they could “cure” so only physical cured
Lecture 2:
What year was the Service-Based paradigm from?
1950-1980
Lecture 2:
How did society deal with/treat people with disabilities during the Service-Based Paradigm?
Perception of disabilities changed in 1950’s as war veterans changed perspectives of disabled people as they were highly valued prior to the disabling accident
- public became aware of overcrowded institutions
- heightened incidence of spinal cord injuries, amputations, & brain injuries (war mostly)
Lecture 2:
During the Service-Based Paradigm, how did research begin to impact adapted PE?
- research began to show the abilities of those with disabilities rather than just their limitations
- physical educators became more aware of meeting needs of students with disabilities (1960’s)
Lecture 2:
During the Service-Based Paradigm, what services were offered & to who?
Services offered to individuals with movement challenges to integrate/re-integrate into society
- Goal = improve physical, academic, & social skills
Lecture 2:
During the Service-Based Paradigm, what were sheltered workshops?
Employment facilities for all individuals with disabilities to work
Lecture 2:
During the Service-Based Paradigm, what was Harte new optimism for individuals with disabilities?
- rehab programs, special classes, resource rooms with special educators, etc became prominent
- PE shifted from “correcting” to providing helpful resources but those with disabilities still separated from average students
Lecture 2:
During the Service-Based Paradigm, what types of disabilities were accepted by society vs which ones weren’t?
Physical disabilities accepted by society but not mental or cognitive challenges
Lecture 2:
During the Service-Based Paradigm, what was found of those with disabilities after becoming more involved in society?
Found those with physical disabilities experienced skill improvement from participation
- leading to Paralympic Games (1960) & special olympics (1968)
Lecture 2:
During the Service-Based Paradigm, what was Adapted Physical Education?
- broader programming focus Han corrective (games, sports, & rhythmics)
- accommodating to more disabilities
- still believed those with disability couldn’t participate successfully in regular PE (adapted PE = whole new program, not included with everyone)
Lecture 2:
What year was the Support-Based paradigm from?
1980 - onwards
Lecture 2:
What was the problem with Service-Based Activity?
Some people with physical & mental challenges were unsuccessfully integrated
Lecture 2:
What did unsuccessful integration during the Service-Based paradigm lead to?
Led to creation of technical, natural, or human supports to assist those with a disability to function in inclusive settings
Lecture 2:
During the Support-Based paradigm, what was the starting point for programming?
Inclusion became the starting point & all individuals were welcomed in community settings no matter their functional differences (didn’t have to meet requirements to join)
Lecture 2:
During the Supprot-Based paradigm, what changes were made to Adapted Physical Education to achieve the goal of inclusion?
- no longer assume that different schools/programming were the best placement
- shifted away from restricting APE to disabilities (cant assume all people with disabilities would require adapted PE)
- opened to possibility of individuals without disability benefiting from adaptations
Lecture 2:
During the Support-Based paradigm, what new term was developed?
Adapted Physical Activity
Lecture 2:
During the Support-Based paradigm, what did Adapted Physical Activity include?
- focussed on creating adaptations & teaching skills to improve self-confidence across lifespan
- all-encompassing umbrella term for education, recreation, leisure, & sport activities
- emphasis on individual differences & interactions
Lecture 2:
What year did the Empowerment & Self-Determination Paradigm go from?
1990 & onwards
Lecture 2:
What was the emphasis on in the Empowerment & Self-Determination paradigm?
Emphasis on striving for self-awareness, self-learning, independent decision making, etc
- self-determined physical activity & giving power over one’s life
Lecture 2:
During the Empowerment & Self-Determination paradigm, what are a few things that were created?
Creation of custom equipment, rules, & including games
- other facilitate activity rather than impose
Lecture 2:
What are the Key points of Facilities-based Paradigm?
- Corrective Therapy
- isolation/neglect
- medical model (person viewed as in need of cure)
- condition resides in the person
Lecture 2:
What are the Key points of Service-based Paradigm?
- Adapted physical education
- special programs & services
- educational model (skill improvement)
- defined largely as their disability rather than an individual
Lecture 2:
What are the Key points of Supports-based Paradigm?
- Adapted physical activity
- Disability viewed as part of human variation
- difficulties from person-environment interaction
- provide support to allow person to function in inclusive environments
Lecture 2:
What are the Key points of Environment and Self-Determined Paradigm?
- Adapted PA evolved
- focus is on choice, decision making, self-awareness, & self-regulated learning
Lecture 2:
What is Contemporary Adapted Physical Activity?
Cross-disciplinary body of practice that allows professionals to interact with people experiencing movement difficulties
- acceptance of diversity & individual differences
- process of advocacy & promoting self-advocacy in disabled people
Lecture 2:
What is Adapted Sport?
Organized, competitive, or leisure-time recreational sports
- modified to meet unique needs but often similar in concept to typical sporting activities
- similar to regular sports but dont have to be
Lecture 2:
What is the Olympic & Amateur Sports Act of 1998?
- recognized the US Olympic Committee & administration of amateur sport in the US
- included the paralympic games
- act rewritten to reflect new commitment to adapted sport & intent of the law
- due to available resources, disability organizations gained moreso acceptance & opportunities
Lecture 2:
What are 5 reasons why adapted sport is so important?
1.) sports & PA will increase social, psychological, & physiological wellbeing in disabled individuals
2.) can be used as form of rehab or treatment
3.) provides socialization & “normal” life experiences
4.) sport for sport’s sake
5.) athletic identity & physical literacy promotes regular PA across lifespan
Lecture 2:
When discussing the Sport framework for individuals with disabilities, what are some sport settings/locations for programs?
- school based
- interscholastic
- community
- college
- open
Lecture 2:
When discussing the Sport framework for individuals with disabilities, what are some sport delivery options?
- virtual communication
- parallel
- segregated
- unified
- general (regular)
Lecture 2:
When discussing sport settings of the Sport framework for individuals with disabilities, what are School based sports?
Sports that are a part of the infrastructure of school Campus or building
- eg; intramurals, school sport clubs, etc
Lecture 2:
When discussing sport settings of the Sport framework for individuals with disabilities, what are Interscholastic sports?
Sports with regional/provincial competitions where you compete against other schools
- highly competitive & a gateway for further competition at higher levels
Lecture 2:
When discussing sport settings of the Sport framework for individuals with disabilities, what are Community sports?
Sport offered by recreation centers or clubs with established disability sport organizations
Run by local organizations & available to all individuals regardless of skill level
Lecture 2:
When discussing sport settings of the Sport framework for individuals with disabilities, what are College sports?
Sport programs or settings affiliated with a college/university that emphasizes competition against other colleges/universities
Lecture 2:
When discussing sport settings of the Sport framework for individuals with disabilities, what are Open sports?
Settings that may exist with an of the previously listed settings & beyond
- usually sponsored by disability sport organizations for particular disability group or sport
- common interest of highly competitive athletes & competing in Paralympics
Lecture 2:
When discussing Delivery Options of the Sport framework for individuals with disabilities, what is virtual communication?
Promoting sport through social media or online software
- minimizes issue of logistics, travel, & equipment
Lecture 2:
When discussing Delivery Options of the Sport framework for individuals with disabilities, what is Parallel Delivery?
Opportunity for athletes to build skills in sport environment through training/practice before competing
- individuals are team members and participate in mock competition in practice & receive coaching to advance skills at individualized pace
Lecture 2:
When discussing Delivery Options of the Sport framework for individuals with disabilities, what is Segregated Delivery?
Adapted sport solely for individuals with disabilities
Lecture 2:
When discussing Delivery Options of the Sport framework for individuals with disabilities, what is Unified Delivery?
Promotes competition between teams with athletes with and without disabilities
- requires schools to rearm equal PE opportunities
Lecture 2:
During Unified delivery of sport, what can students with disabilities do?
- tryout for general sports teams
- use modifications
- use modifications
- use assistive devices
Lecture 2:
When discussing Delivery Options of the Sport framework for individuals with disabilities, what is General Delivery?
Reasonable accommodations that focuses on providing disabled athletes opportunity to participate in general sports with minimal adaptations
- athlete has high function & only requires rule modifications to participate (not altering competition)
Lecture 2:
What are the 4 key steps to teach & implement adapted sport in general PE curriculum?
1.) Cross-reference the general sports teams to adapted sport if possible
2.) Learn about similarities between general & adapted sport skills & rules
3.) Assess the skill performance of all students
4.) Implement & teach
