Lecture 1: Intro To APA Flashcards
Lecture 1:
Define Adapted Physical Activity
Any sport/physical activity that is modified/adapted to enable individuals with an impairment, health problem, or lower functional capacity to participate fully
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What does adapted physical activity encompass?
Encompasses the total life span (birth to death)
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Define Adapted Physical Education
Individualized program that includes physical & motor fitness, fundamental movement skills, and skills in aquatics, dance, & solo/group games/sports designed to meet the unique needs of individuals
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What is the critical age window of opportunity for adapted physical education?
0-21 years old
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What is adapted sport?
Sport modified or created to meet unique needs of the individuals so they can participate in
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What are 2 examples of adapted sport?
1.) wheelchair basketball-adapted sport
2.) goal all-game created for visually impaired
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Who are we adapting Physical Activity for?
Anyone who wouldn’t gain optimal benefits or who is at risk of harm from the activity if not modified
- short or long term impairments or disabilities
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What are a few examples of infants/toddlers we would adapt PA for?
Infants & toddlers with developmental delays (birth trauma; cognitive, physical, social, or emotional); or diagnosed condition that presents high risk of developmental delays
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When adapting PA for Children with disabilities, what are a few examples of disabilities?
Intellectual disabilities, hearing impairment, speech/language impairments, vision impairments, emotional disturbances, musculoskeletal impairment, autism, TBI, learning disability, neurological disorders, etc
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What are a few examples of students we would;led adapt physical activity for but weren’t included earlier?
Students with injuries, medical conditions, low fitness levels, poor functional posture, poor movement patterns, & inability to move well
- this is a concern as students who dont move well can develop bad motor skills & negative idealizations
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What are some examples of adults we would adapt PA for?
Adults with injuries (short/long term impairments) , disabilities, poor movement patterns, chronic diseases & health conditions (obesity, arthritis, diabetes, Alzheimer’s, stroke, etc), & aging
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What is an example of an adult we would adapt PA for?
A 30 year old with verbal artery stroke who ants to participate in Pilates
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When discussing who we adapt PA for, define Impairment
Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure/function
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When discussing who we adapt PA for, define disability
Any restriction/lack of (resulting from impairment) ability to perform an actual activity in the manner or within the range considered for a normal human being
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When discussing who we adapt PA for, define Handicap
A disadvantage, resulting from impairment/disability, that limits/prevents the fulfilment of a role that is normal for that individual
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What are the 3 key general categories of a disability?
1.) Development & behavioural
2.) Physial
3.) Sensory
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What are developmental & behavioural disabilities?
Impairment in cognitive function that develops at birth before adulthood yet lasts the lifespan
- eg; ASD, ADHD, Down syndrome, etc
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What are some Physical Disabilities?
- Loss of/limitation to physical function (possible effects on mobility, endurance, & fine motor control)
- Eg; cerebral palsy, spina bifida, TBI, arthritis, etc
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What are some Sensory Disabilities?
Affects 1+ of the senses (sight, hearing, touch, taste, smell, spacial awareness)
- Eg; blind/low vision & deafness
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What does the “life course perspective of disability” recognized?
- 3 things
Recognizes the critical periods in lifespan that affect the hea;th trajectory
- 3 periods: infancy & early stages of diagnosis, school-aged years, & adulthood
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How does the life course perspective of disability help with infancy & early stages of diagnosis?
Allows for early intervention & access to community support to enable best functional development
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How does the life course perspective of disability help with the school aged years?
Services allow development of appropriate functional behaviours & enable maximal participation in society
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How does the life course perspective of disability help with adulthood?
Physical & recreational activities, vocational activities, & healthcare/wellness to age with disability
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How are disabilities and diagnosis related?
The longer one goes without a diagnosis, the worse their disability will get
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Define health
Health is a state of complete physical, mental, & social well-being & not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
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Why do we adapt physical activity?
People with disabilities must have opportunities to choose & participate in quality activity’s that are appropriately challenging, safe, meaningful, inclusive, & also provide dignity of risk & a sense of belonging (inclusion)
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What does “dignity of risk” mean?
Allows for kids to take risks & you dont bubble wrap them
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What are those with disabilities at higher risk of?
- what does this lead to?
At higher risk of secondary conditions leading to higher health care costs & lower quality of life
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What % of the world experiences significant disability?
16% of world population
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Based on the Canadian Survey on Disability (2017-2022)…. What population experienced the largest increase in disability rate?
Youth ages 15-24 experienced the largest increase in disability rate from 13% in 2017 to 20% in 2022
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Based on the Canadian Survey on Disability (2017-2022)…. What happened to the % of adults with disabilities?
Adults (25-64) with disabilities increased from 20 to 24%
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Based on the Canadian Survey on Disability (2017-2022)…. What happened to the % of seniors with disabilities?
[population of Seniors with disabilities is 38-40% & population is assumed to outnumber children by 2035
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What are the 4 most common disability categories?
1.) pain
2.) flexibility
3.) mobility
4.) mental health
**flexibility & mobility go together
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What percentage of those with a disability have more than 1 disability?
70% of Canadians have more than 1 disability
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Define Physical Literacy
The ability to move with poise & confidence across a wide range of activities (more fundamentals given the more they move)
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What competencies are included in physical literacy?
Competencies linked to the development of a whole person and their physical literacy include; physical, affective, cognitive, & psychosocial
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What is the definition of Sport for Life?
Physical competence, confidence, motivation to be active for life. “I can, I believe, and I want to be active for life”
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What is Physical Competence?
A movement skills building block analogy
- having a wide range of movement skills in many environments to provide range of options to stay active through lifespan
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What are Fundamental Movement Skills?
Body control, locomotion, & object control in various environments (eg; ground, water, ice/snow, air)
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how do you increase confidence for physical literacy?
- Develop many fundamental movement skills
- Experience a balance of successes and failures
- Appreciate own abilities
- environment is supportive, welcoming, & safe
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how do you increase Motivation for physical literacy?
- find out what your patient enjoys/what they want to do
- activities are fun, energizing, and explained how to do it & why
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What are 4 types of possible barriers in activity?
1.) Intrapersonal - own barriers within individual self (eg; bad knee, yourself in a wheelchair)
2.) Interpersonal - barriers between people (eg; peoples attitudes towards your disability)
3.) Structural - barriers in the physical area (environment)
4.) Sociocultural - town, societal thoughts, views, beliefs, etc
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When discussing Intrapersonal Barriers, what are a few characteristics/examples?
1.) Self Confidence -negative emotions about appearance & abilities
2.) Embarrassment - need more assistance
3.) Anxiety - due to past negative experiences
4.) Fatigue & Decreased Stamina - decreases duration of participation
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What are some ways we can address Intrapersonal Barriers?
- positive reinforcement
- give choice, water breaks, etc
- communicate (find out goals & interests)
- focus on strengths (use ability based approach)
- challenge everyone (its okay to make mistakes)
- create accepting community
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When discussing Interpersonal Barriers, what are a few characteristics/examples?
1.) Focussing on Person’s Disability - assuming person wont participate or urge to change activity
2.) Oversimplifying/lack of challenge - make activities that challenge all abilities
3.) Shaming, stigmatizing, bullying - other students complaining about doing activities with disabled
4.) lack of education/information - lack of experience
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What are some ways we can address Interpersonal Barriers?
- education
- provide different resources & activity levels for students to choose from
- Step Framework: discuss importance of everyone on own journey for activity
- flexibility & cooperation
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When discussing Structural Barriers, what are a few characteristics/examples?
1.) Cost of adapted programming & equipment - some locations lack funding for adaptive equipment
2.) Physical Barriers - curbs, uneven surfaces, transportation, etc
3.) Inaccessible Changing Facilities - extra space & assistance changing not always available
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What are some ways we can address Structural Barriers?
- adapting activity - increase/decrease space
- use appropriate equipment/resources
- provide more time in change room to allow those who need more assistance to not be rushed
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When discussing Sociocultural Barriers, what are a few characteristics/examples?
1.) Lack of cultural respect & inclusive language - inappropriate descriptive language, accessible signs instead of writing “handicap”
2.) Ability Segregation - separating students of all abilities during PA not just those who have disability
3.) Lack of leadership opportunities for those with all abilities
4.) Inexperience in PA environment - those with disabilities less likely to be involved in PA
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What are some ways we can address Sociocultural Barriers?
change language used & increase leadership & opportunities
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What does inclusive literacy mean?
An accessible for all concept where we need to be deliberate with inclusivity
- physical literacy path’s are unique to all
- needs to be valued & nurtured throughout life span
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What is the key foundation of Inclusion?
A separate education may not be an equal education
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What is a key factor of inclusion?
Education - educating students with disabilities in general educational settings alongside students without disabilities
- must teach students to be welcoming, supportive, & respectful of all individual differences
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When discussing inclusion, what does “least restricted environment” mean?
Individuals with disabilities are educated alongside those without (not removed from general environment unless not satisfactory for severity)
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What are 5 benefits of inclusion?
1.) more stimulating/motivating environment
2.) enhance social and play skills
3.) promote friendship among abilities
4.) provides skilled role models
5.) greater sense of acceptance/belonging & value
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What are a few key things teachers need to do for successful inclusion?
- identify unique needs & identify definitions of success
- determine instructional settings & support services
- individualize instructions (modifications & content)
- adapt activities ensuring safety maintained
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When discussing Inclusion, what are 9 levels of alternative instructional environments of PA?
- least restrictive (movement as soon as possible) to most restrictive (move only when necessary)
1.) General class placement (GCP)
2.) GCP with support service assistant
3.) GCP with supplementary/resource room assistance
4.) Part-time special class placement
5.) Full-time special class
6.) Part-time individual class placement
7.) Full-time individualized class
8.) Special Schools
9.) Hospitals & treatment centers
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What are criteria for good adaptations?
Adaptations must…
1.) Promote interaction & interplay (enhance cooperation, competition, & reciprocity)
2.) Meet needs of all students (equal benefits)
3.) Improve/maintain self-esteem
4.) Provide physical activity for all
5.) Provide safe experience for all
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What is the 4 steps of the STEP Framework?
1.) Space
2.) Equipment
3.) Task
4.) People
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When discussing the STEP Framework, what does Space entail?
- how can you modify space?
Where the activity takes place & can modify by…
- changing size & shape of playing area
- change direction & pathways used
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When discussing the STEP Framework, what does Equipment entail?
- how can you modify equipment?
Equipment is the objects used during the activity & can be modified by…
- use different forms of the equipment (size/weight of ball changed)
- use information & communication technology
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When discussing the STEP Framework, what does Task entail?
- how can you modify task?
Refers to how students participate in an activity & can modify by…
- varying the actions/tasks you give participants
- link changes to other dimensions (timing/duration)
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When discussing the STEP Framework, what do People entail?
- how can you modify people?
Refers to the other individual students participating in the activity & can modify by…
- organizing groups by ability/learning style
- adjust level of support given to participants
Lecture 1:
How do you interact with someone with a disability & what is the platinum rule?
Never make assumptions and always ask
- may have an invisible disability
- ask if & how you can help (respect if no), speak to person directly, focus on abilities not their disabilities,
