Lecture 13 Flashcards
Cognitive symptoms of depression
Poor concentration, indecisiveness, poor self-esteem, hopelessness, suicidal thoughts delusions
Physiological and Behavioral symptoms of depression
sleep/appetite disturbances, psychomotor problems, catatonia, fatigue, memory loss
Subtypes of depression
- Atipical features
- Peripartum onset
- Seasonal pattern (ex. only depressed in winter)
- Melancholic features
Mixed features
Anxious distress
Psychotic features
Catatonic features
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
- Winter type is more common
- Increase sleep, weight, crave carbs
Treated with bright light
Persistent Depressive Disorder
“Chronic” major depressive disorder
→ Lasting 2/+ years
Lifetime prevalence: anywhere from 2.5-9.5%
More common in women than in men
Biological causes of depression
- Genetics
- Neurotransmitters: Dysregulation of neurotransmitters and their receptors; norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin.
- Neuroendocrine abnormalities:
- Chronic stress, odd levels of cortisol
- Melatonin imbalance, peaking at wrong day time.
- Neurophysiological abnormalities: prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, Area 25(?)
- Brain circuit disfunction
- Immune system
Psychodynamic View of Depression
When some experience real or imagined(symbolic) losses, they experience:
- Regression to an earlier development stage
- Unconscious adoption of feelings for the lost object
- Eventual depression
Cognitive -Behavioral View of Depression
- Problematic Behaviors & Dysfunctional Thinking
- Life rewards
- Approach/Avoidance Profiles
- Learned Helplessness
- Attribution-Helplessness
- Attribution-Helplessness Theory
Ecological/Societal View of Depression
A decline insocial rewards impacts depression
Artifact Theory
The difference between genders is due to clinician or diagnostic systems being more sensitive to diagnosing women with derision than men.
Bipolar Disorders
Maniac episode
- Person displays a cont odd, inflated, unrestrained, or irritable mood with high energy almost everyday for at least 1 week.
Symptoms:
- Reduced sleep needs
- Attention in many places
- Rapidly shifting ideas
- Overblown/grand self-esteem
- Heightened activity
- Risky
Bipolar I
Occurrence of a manic episode
Hypomanic (milder version of mania) or major depressive episodes may precede or follow the manic episode
Bipolar II
- No history of a manic episode
- Presence or history of major depressive episode(s)
- Never get really high and happy
- Presence or history of hypomanic episode(s)
Rapid cycling
4+ episodes within a one-year period
