lec 4 - sport injury and healing Flashcards
what is the definition of a sport injury
tissue damage / change in normal function generally due to external forces
definition of acute injury
sudden onset injury from a single event
definition of sudden onset repetitive injury
single event causes pre existing condition symptomatic (ex: tibial stress fracture on landing that showed pre exisitng morphological changes on imaging)
definition of gradual onset repetitive injury
gradual increase in symptoms (ex: increase in shoulder pain, diagnosed with tendinopathy)
definition of direct contact injury mechanism
direct contact with another athlete or object on the area of injury
definition of an indirect contact injury mechanism
force not applied directly to the area of injury (ex: contact to upper body causing an ACL injury)
definition of a non contact injury mechanism
without any contact from another external source (only athletes own mvmts) (ex: overuse injuries)
what is articular cartilage and where is it found
flexible cartilage providing a smooth surface for joint mvmts
- found on the ends of bones
what is fibrocartilage and where is it found
tough cartilage able to absorb loads
- found in discs of spine, meniscus
what is an enthesis
junction between a tendon and a bone
what is the stiffness of a tissue
ability of a tissue to resist a load
what is the yield point of a tissue
indicates the limit of elastic behaviour and beginning of plastic behaviour
- load after this point causes damage to the tissue (won’t return to normal)
what is creep of a tissue
deformation in the shape / properties of a tissue that occrus under the influence of persistent mechanical stress
what is the elastic property of a tissue
will return to normal state after the load is removed
- normal for tissues to have
what are the 4 stages of wound healing
- hemostasis
- inflammation
- proliferation
- remodelling
what is the function of hemostasis
stop the leak!
- process to prevent and stop bleeding
- results in the formation of a clot
what are the 4 steps of hemostasis
- vascular spasm
- formation of a temporary platelet plug
- blood clotting (coagulation cascade)
- formation of the final clot
what is the function of inflammation
clean up!
- defensive response of tissues
- indicated by redness, warmth, swelling, pain, and dysfunction
- can’t heal without inflammation!
what is the order of recruitment of cells to destroy debris and bacteria during inflammation
neutrophils - first 48 hours
macrophages - 48-72 hours
lymphocytes - after 72 hours
what is the main function of the proliferation phase
rebuild new tissue!
what are the 4 steps of proliferation
- angiogenesis - formation of new blood vessels and restore blood flow
- fibroblast migration - fibroblasts produce collage fibres and elastin (results in granulation tissue to replace the clot)
- epithelialisation - epitheilial cells cover stripped surface
- wound retraction - new tissue built around the wound
what is the main function of remodelling
to increase tissue strength
what is involved in the remodelling process
granulation tissue matures into a scar
form and function of scar depend on loading during this stage
does tissue return to original strength after an injury
no - only about 80% of original strength is acheived
