lec 10 - common injuries

Question 1

what is apophysitis

Answer 1

growth based repetitive injury due to overloads at the growth plate
- pulling on the growth plate that can cause an overproduction of bone
- ex = severs, osgood schlatters

Question 2

what is PARS

Answer 2

adolescent low back injury
- load going through spine with repeated extension and rotation
- creates a stress response that can lead to a fracture

Question 3

what is synovitis

Answer 3

inflammation of the synovial membrane at the joints

Question 4

what is chondromalacia

Answer 4

inflammation and degenerative changes of articular cartilage under the patella
- bone can be revealed in severe cases (lead to sclerosis)

Question 5

what is chronic compartment syndrome

Answer 5

exercise induced condition
- due to repetitive impact activity / overloading
- swelling and increased pressure causing reduced blood flow and pain

Question 6

where does chronic compartment syndrome occur

Answer 6

most commonly in the lower legs
- any of the 4 compartments can be affected

Question 7

what is the primary risk factor for repetitive injuries

Answer 7

load management and recovery problems

Question 8

what is important in the treatment of repetitive injuries

Answer 8

not only managing the injury ]
essential to address the factors that have contributed to the development of the injury
educate about training loads and pathologies

Question 9

what are prevention strategies for repetitive injuries

Answer 9

strength training major muscle groups regularly
gradually increase training load
cross training
correct form and technique
sleep, rest days, nutrition
proper equipment - mainly footwear

Question 10

what is another name for shin splints

Answer 10

medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS)

Question 11

what is MTSS

Answer 11

pain (diffuse) and inflammation along middle to distal third of the posteromedial aspect of tibia
(periosteal inflammation)

Question 12

what are the risk factors for MTSS

Answer 12

female, high BMI, training load errors
usually over pronation of foot and external tibial rotation

Question 13

what is the treatment for MTSS

Answer 13

alternative training
correction fo malalignment and training problems
exercise therapy - strength and flexibility

Question 14

what are the symptoms of tibial stress fracture

Answer 14

focal pain (localised)
significant pain when running, often disappears during rest, returns when activity starts again

Question 15

what are the risk factors for tibial stress fracture

Answer 15

females (especially with abnormal / absent menstrual cycles)
diet problems

Question 16

what is the treatment of tibial stress fracture

Answer 16

crutches / brace
alternative training
when pain free - add in progressive training (deload first until symptom free)

Question 17

what are the risk factors for low back pain

Answer 17

previous back injury
family history of MBP
anatomical structure of the spine
improper technique
overloading the structures of the spine
sleep deficits, nicotine, stress

Question 18

what % of the general pop and athletes will experience low back pain in their lifetime

Answer 18

general pop = 85% (up to 20-30% can become persistent)
athletes = 1-94%

Question 19

what is DDD

Answer 19

degenerative disk disease
- typically age realted
- heavy stress to the spine
- intervertebral disc degenerates

Question 20

what is the most common sporting injury

Answer 20

ankle sprain

Question 21

80% of ankle injuries are caused by what

Answer 21

sudden inversion / supination

Question 22

what are the structures put under stress in a lateral ankle sprain

Answer 22

ATFL, PTFL, CFL, peroneal tendons

Question 23

what is the mechanism of a lateral ankle sprain

Answer 23

sudden excessive supination and/or inversion
occurs 130-180ms after initial foot contact

Question 24

what is the grading system for ankle sprain

Answer 24

grade 1 = partial rupture of ATFL, PTFL, or CFL
grade 2 = total rupture of one of the 3 of partial rupture of 2
grade 3 = total rupture of 2

Question 25

what is the treatment for lateral ankle sprain

Answer 25

grade 1 and 2 = brace and taping
grade 3 = immobilisation
early functional treatment
progressive exercise therapy

Question 26

what is the mechanism of a medial ankle sprain

Answer 26

excessive eversion

Question 27

what are the structures put under stress in a medial ankle sprain

Answer 27

deltoid ligament
tibialis posterior and toe flexion tendons
- sometimes combined with malleolar fractures or syndesmosis injury

Question 28

what is the occurence of reinjury of ankle sprains

Answer 28

10x higher when RTS

Question 29

what is the function of exercise in ankle sprain recovery

Answer 29

balance and proprioception exercises
used to protect ankle
- balance training can decrease reinjury by 36%
- NMT can decrease reinjury by 50%

Question 30

what is a syndesmosis injury

Answer 30

high ankle sprain
sprain of syndesmotic ligaments that connect the tibia and fibula
- partial or complete rupture of syndesmosis

Question 31

what is the mechanism of a syndesmosis injury

Answer 31

forced external rotation (similar to ACL mechanism)
- high risk sports = downhill skiing, football, rugby

Question 32

what are complications of ankle sprains

Answer 32

increased risk for recurrent injuries
chronic ankle instability
ankle OA
persistent pain
reduced function

Question 33

what is chronic ankle instability

Answer 33

instability from repeated inversion trauma
problem with lateral ligament complex
treatment = brace, balance and strength, surgery

Question 34

what are osteochondral fractures

Answer 34

usually occur in association with ankle sprains
cause recurrent pain, stiffess and/or locking
may progress to ankle OA