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KNES 372 > lec 15 - infections in athletes > Flashcards

lec 15 - infections in athletes Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 types of pathogens

A

viruses
bacteria
fungi
parasites

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2
Q

what is a viral infection

A

can affect many areas of the body (skin, repro, resp, GI, and NS)
- can be vaccinated for (ex: flu, polio)
(>200 virus species can infect humans)

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3
Q

what is the treatment for a viral infection

A

usually goes away on its own
antivirals - oral, topical, injections
antiretrovirals (HIV)

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4
Q

what is a bacterial infection

A

can infect any area of the body
- can be vaccinated for (ex: tetanus, TB)
(<100 species can infect humans)

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5
Q

what is the treatment for a bacterial infection

A

usually goes away on its own
antibiotics - targeted to a specific bacteria type and location (oral, topical, injections)
finish entire course even if feeling well

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6
Q

what is a fungal infection

A

yeast, mold, mushrooms
few hundred species can infect humans
can infect skin, nails, lungs, organs
- no licensed vaccines available

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7
Q

what is the treatment for fungal infections

A

antifungals - topical, oral, injections

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8
Q

what are the 3 types of parasitic infections

A

protozoa - single cell (ex = giardia)
helminths - multicell (ex = roundworm)
etoparasites - multicell (ex = ticks, lice, mites)

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9
Q

what are the treatments for parasitic infections

A

antiparasites - oral, topical, injections

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10
Q

what are the different types of transmission (6)

A

direct contact
indirect contact
droplet
airborne
vehicle
vector-borne

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11
Q

explain direct contact transmission

A

direct physical contact
- ex: shaking hands, kissing
- causes: common cold, mono

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12
Q

explain indirect contact transmission

A

infectious agent deposited onto surface
- ex: door handles, equipment
- causes: norovirus

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13
Q

explain droplet transmission

A

large droplets through the air
- ex: coughing and sneezing
- causes: flu

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14
Q

explain airborne transmission

A

small particles that are inhaled
- ex: ventilation systems
- causes: TB, measles

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15
Q

explain vehicle transmission

A

single contaminated sources
- ex: contaminated water or food
- causes: e.coli, norovirus

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16
Q

explain vector borne transmission

A

insect or animal transmission
- ex: mosquitoes, ticks
- causes: malaria, lyme disease

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17
Q

what are the general symptoms of an infection

A

fever, diarrhea, fatigue, muscle aches, coughing

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18
Q

how to diagnose a general infection

A

clinical findings
lab tests - blood, urine, throat, stool, lumbar puncture
imaging
biopsy

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19
Q

when to see a doctor with an infection

A

animal bite
cough for more than a week / breathing problems
severe headache with fever / prolonged / unexplained fever
rash or swelling
sudden vision problems

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20
Q

what is the relationship between immune function and exercise

A

J shaped curve
- sedentary = moderate risk
- moderate PA = low risk
- high PA = high risk
(excessive exericse may impair immune function - depressive effect lasts up to 24 hours after exercise)

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21
Q

why does high PA levels lead to a higher risk of infection

A

strenuous exercise = leukocyte depression
higher rate of breathing = exposure to bacteria and virus
lack of sleep, mental stress, poor nutrition

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22
Q

what is the most common infection in athletes

A

UTRI - upper respiratory tract infection

23
Q

explain a URTI

A

affects the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx (upper resp tract)
pathogens:
- majority are viral
- direct and indrect contact, droplets

24
Q

what is the incidence of URTIs

A

average adult = 1-6 infections per year

25
what is the diagnosis of a URTI
runny nose, sore throat, low grade fever, cough course = 4-10 days
26
what is the treatment for URTIs
symptom management - fluids, pain control, rest
27
what is myalgia
muscle aches and pains
28
what is the RTS protocol for an athlete with a bacterial infection
athlete should be afebrile and on atnibiotices for at least 24hrs before RTS (afebrile = no fever)
29
what is the RTS protocol for symptoms above the neck
(ex: nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat) - can play ---> proceed cautiously
30
what is the RTS protocol for symptoms below the neck
(ex: vomiting, diarrhea, fever, myalgia) - stop activity and rest - follow bacterial infection RTS
31
explain infectious mononucleosis (mono)
common - 95% of adults exposed 30-50 day incubation period viral illness of the lymphoreticular system spread through saliva (kissing disease)
32
what is the diagnosis and treatment for mono
diagnosis = clinical findings and lab data - athletes at same risk as gen pop treatment = rest, eat healthy, fluids, pain control for headache and sore throat, no antivirals
33
what are the complications of mono
spleen enlargement (splenomegaly) occurs in >50% of cases splenic rupture occurs in 0.1-0.2% of cases
34
what is the RTS protocol for mono
- recovery 4-6 weeks from diagnosis (can take much longer) - return to light, non contact activity when afebrile, no fatigue, and 3 weeks from onset - progress to more strenuous activity if there are no worsening symptoms
35
what is influenza
(not the common cold) highly contagious - influenza A and B highest prevalence in winter season (more time inside)
36
what is the symptom progression of influenza
days 1-3 - sudden appearance of fever, headache, muscle pain, weakness, dry cough, sore throat, stuffy nose day 4 - fever and muscle aches decrease - hoarse, dry or sore throat, cough and possible mild chest discomfort day 8 - symptoms decrease - cough and tiredness may last 1-2 weeks more
37
what are the complications of influenza
dehydration pneumonia bronchitis myositis death
38
what is the treatment for influenza
supportive care - maintain hydration tylenol / nsaids antivirals (within 48 hours of symptom onset) isolate athlete for 5 days RTS when symptoms resolve
39
what is the graduated RTS after covid 19
below neck symptoms - protocol stage 1 above neck symptoms - protocol stage 2 tested positive but asymptomatic - protocol stage 3 (can take over 3 weeks to recover and return to full training)
40
what is otitis external
ear infection - swimmer's ear - usually bacterial - itching, redness, pain, hearing loss
41
what are the risk factors, prevention, and treatment for swimmer's ear
risk factors - chronic moisture, trauma from foreign bodies prevention - keep ears dry and don't damage the skin treatment - antibiotic / steroid combo drops - NSAIDs for pain control
42
what is cellulitis
acute spreading infection of dermal and sub cutaneous tissue - caused by group A streptococcus, staphylococcus aureus - occurs via bacterial invasion into damaged skin tissue (can be very small trauma)
43
what are the symptoms of cellulitis
pain, redness, swelling, wam tense skin with or without fever
44
what is the treatment for cellulitis
skin hygiene antibiotics - 5-10 days (oral), severe cases = up to 14 days severe cases may require IV antibiotics
45
what is impetigo
superficial skin infection staphylococcus or streptococcus - direct skin to skin contact with broken or unbroken skin
46
what are the symptoms of impetigo
early = tender red papules later = non tender vesicles with surrrounding redness late = honey coloured crust
47
what is the treatment and RTS for contact sports
treatment - skin hygiene and antibiotics for 7-10 days RTS - 72 hours of antibiotics completed - no new lesions in 72 hours - no moist lesions
48
what is herpes simplex
caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) common in wrestlers (up to 80%) skin to skin contact highly contagious
49
what are the symptoms of herpes simplex
first = midl like flu symptoms rash appears 1-2 days later burning / tingling lesions last 10-14 days
50
how can herpes simplex reactivate
latent herpes = lives in neural ganglia tingling and burning before appearance of skin lesiosn triggered by physical or emotional stress, fever
51
what is the treatment and RTS for herpes simplex
treatment - pain relief and keep dry - oral antivirals - 10 days for initial infection RTS - free of systematic symptoms for 72 hours - no new lesions for 72 hours - no moist or active lesions
52
what is tinea
fungal skin infections highly contagious grows in skin folds from heat and moisture
53
what is tinea pedis (athlete's foot)
superficial skin infection of the feet itching, scaling, vesicles treated by topical or oral antifungals

KNES 372 (24 decks)

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