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KNES 372 > lec 15 - infections in athletes > Flashcards

lec 15 - infections in athletes Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 types of pathogens

A

viruses
bacteria
fungi
parasites

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2
Q

what is a viral infection

A

can affect many areas of the body (skin, repro, resp, GI, and NS)
- can be vaccinated for (ex: flu, polio)
(>200 virus species can infect humans)

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3
Q

what is the treatment for a viral infection

A

usually goes away on its own
antivirals - oral, topical, injections
antiretrovirals (HIV)

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4
Q

what is a bacterial infection

A

can infect any area of the body
- can be vaccinated for (ex: tetanus, TB)
(<100 species can infect humans)

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5
Q

what is the treatment for a bacterial infection

A

usually goes away on its own
antibiotics - targeted to a specific bacteria type and location (oral, topical, injections)
finish entire course even if feeling well

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6
Q

what is a fungal infection

A

yeast, mold, mushrooms
few hundred species can infect humans
can infect skin, nails, lungs, organs
- no licensed vaccines available

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7
Q

what is the treatment for fungal infections

A

antifungals - topical, oral, injections

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8
Q

what are the 3 types of parasitic infections

A

protozoa - single cell (ex = giardia)
helminths - multicell (ex = roundworm)
etoparasites - multicell (ex = ticks, lice, mites)

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9
Q

what are the treatments for parasitic infections

A

antiparasites - oral, topical, injections

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10
Q

what are the different types of transmission (6)

A

direct contact
indirect contact
droplet
airborne
vehicle
vector-borne

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11
Q

explain direct contact transmission

A

direct physical contact
- ex: shaking hands, kissing
- causes: common cold, mono

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12
Q

explain indirect contact transmission

A

infectious agent deposited onto surface
- ex: door handles, equipment
- causes: norovirus

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13
Q

explain droplet transmission

A

large droplets through the air
- ex: coughing and sneezing
- causes: flu

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14
Q

explain airborne transmission

A

small particles that are inhaled
- ex: ventilation systems
- causes: TB, measles

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15
Q

explain vehicle transmission

A

single contaminated sources
- ex: contaminated water or food
- causes: e.coli, norovirus

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16
Q

explain vector borne transmission

A

insect or animal transmission
- ex: mosquitoes, ticks
- causes: malaria, lyme disease

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17
Q

what are the general symptoms of an infection

A

fever, diarrhea, fatigue, muscle aches, coughing

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18
Q

how to diagnose a general infection

A

clinical findings
lab tests - blood, urine, throat, stool, lumbar puncture
imaging
biopsy

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19
Q

when to see a doctor with an infection

A

animal bite
cough for more than a week / breathing problems
severe headache with fever / prolonged / unexplained fever
rash or swelling
sudden vision problems

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20
Q

what is the relationship between immune function and exercise

A

J shaped curve
- sedentary = moderate risk
- moderate PA = low risk
- high PA = high risk
(excessive exericse may impair immune function - depressive effect lasts up to 24 hours after exercise)

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21
Q

why does high PA levels lead to a higher risk of infection

A

strenuous exercise = leukocyte depression
higher rate of breathing = exposure to bacteria and virus
lack of sleep, mental stress, poor nutrition

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22
Q

what is the most common infection in athletes

A

UTRI - upper respiratory tract infection

23
Q

explain a URTI

A

affects the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx (upper resp tract)
pathogens:
- majority are viral
- direct and indrect contact, droplets

24
Q

what is the incidence of URTIs

A

average adult = 1-6 infections per year

25
Q

what is the diagnosis of a URTI

A

runny nose, sore throat, low grade fever, cough
course = 4-10 days

26
Q

what is the treatment for URTIs

A

symptom management - fluids, pain control, rest

27
Q

what is myalgia

A

muscle aches and pains

28
Q

what is the RTS protocol for an athlete with a bacterial infection

A

athlete should be afebrile and on atnibiotices for at least 24hrs before RTS
(afebrile = no fever)

29
Q

what is the RTS protocol for symptoms above the neck

A

(ex: nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat)
- can play —> proceed cautiously

30
Q

what is the RTS protocol for symptoms below the neck

A

(ex: vomiting, diarrhea, fever, myalgia)
- stop activity and rest
- follow bacterial infection RTS

31
Q

explain infectious mononucleosis (mono)

A

common - 95% of adults exposed
30-50 day incubation period
viral illness of the lymphoreticular system
spread through saliva (kissing disease)

32
Q

what is the diagnosis and treatment for mono

A

diagnosis = clinical findings and lab data
- athletes at same risk as gen pop
treatment = rest, eat healthy, fluids, pain control for headache and sore throat, no antivirals

33
Q

what are the complications of mono

A

spleen enlargement (splenomegaly) occurs in >50% of cases
splenic rupture occurs in 0.1-0.2% of cases

34
Q

what is the RTS protocol for mono

A
  • recovery 4-6 weeks from diagnosis (can take much longer)
  • return to light, non contact activity when afebrile, no fatigue, and 3 weeks from onset
  • progress to more strenuous activity if there are no worsening symptoms
35
Q

what is influenza

A

(not the common cold)
highly contagious - influenza A and B
highest prevalence in winter season (more time inside)

36
Q

what is the symptom progression of influenza

A

days 1-3
- sudden appearance of fever, headache, muscle pain, weakness, dry cough, sore throat, stuffy nose
day 4
- fever and muscle aches decrease
- hoarse, dry or sore throat, cough and possible mild chest discomfort
day 8
- symptoms decrease
- cough and tiredness may last 1-2 weeks more

37
Q

what are the complications of influenza

A

dehydration
pneumonia
bronchitis
myositis
death

38
Q

what is the treatment for influenza

A

supportive care - maintain hydration
tylenol / nsaids
antivirals (within 48 hours of symptom onset)
isolate athlete for 5 days
RTS when symptoms resolve

39
Q

what is the graduated RTS after covid 19

A

below neck symptoms - protocol stage 1
above neck symptoms - protocol stage 2
tested positive but asymptomatic - protocol stage 3
(can take over 3 weeks to recover and return to full training)

40
Q

what is otitis external

A

ear infection - swimmer’s ear
- usually bacterial
- itching, redness, pain, hearing loss

41
Q

what are the risk factors, prevention, and treatment for swimmer’s ear

A

risk factors
- chronic moisture, trauma from foreign bodies
prevention
- keep ears dry and don’t damage the skin
treatment
- antibiotic / steroid combo drops
- NSAIDs for pain control

42
Q

what is cellulitis

A

acute spreading infection of dermal and sub cutaneous tissue
- caused by group A streptococcus, staphylococcus aureus
- occurs via bacterial invasion into damaged skin tissue (can be very small trauma)

43
Q

what are the symptoms of cellulitis

A

pain, redness, swelling, wam tense skin
with or without fever

44
Q

what is the treatment for cellulitis

A

skin hygiene
antibiotics - 5-10 days (oral), severe cases = up to 14 days
severe cases may require IV antibiotics

45
Q

what is impetigo

A

superficial skin infection
staphylococcus or streptococcus
- direct skin to skin contact with broken or unbroken skin

46
Q

what are the symptoms of impetigo

A

early = tender red papules
later = non tender vesicles with surrrounding redness
late = honey coloured crust

47
Q

what is the treatment and RTS for contact sports

A

treatment
- skin hygiene and antibiotics for 7-10 days
RTS
- 72 hours of antibiotics completed
- no new lesions in 72 hours
- no moist lesions

48
Q

what is herpes simplex

A

caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV-1)
common in wrestlers (up to 80%)
skin to skin contact
highly contagious

49
Q

what are the symptoms of herpes simplex

A

first = midl like flu symptoms
rash appears 1-2 days later
burning / tingling
lesions last 10-14 days

50
Q

how can herpes simplex reactivate

A

latent herpes = lives in neural ganglia
tingling and burning before appearance of skin lesiosn
triggered by physical or emotional stress, fever

51
Q

what is the treatment and RTS for herpes simplex

A

treatment
- pain relief and keep dry
- oral antivirals - 10 days for initial infection
RTS
- free of systematic symptoms for 72 hours
- no new lesions for 72 hours
- no moist or active lesions

52
Q

what is tinea

A

fungal skin infections
highly contagious
grows in skin folds from heat and moisture

53
Q

what is tinea pedis (athlete’s foot)

A

superficial skin infection of the feet
itching, scaling, vesicles
treated by topical or oral antifungals

KNES 372 (24 decks)

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