Learning Flashcards
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov
- places neutral stimulus (bell) with an unconditioned stimulus (food) to elicit a response
Generalization (Classical Conditioning)
get a response if the stimuli is similar/close enough
Discrimination (Classical Conditioning)
able to distinguish between conditional stimuli and others
Extinction (Classical Conditioning)
- a conditional stimulus no longer elicits a response
SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY
- switching it up after the response is extinct to bring the response back (but not as strong)
Overshadowing (Classical Conditioning)
- when trying to condition a stimuli (BIG BELL and light) -> BIG BELL will win and overshadow the light
- salient stimulus (dominant) -> one you attend to
- peripheral stimulus -> one you ignore
Blocking (Classical Conditioning)
- new stimulus is not providing new information
( - already attuned to one, so simultaneous not giving anything new) - already have a conditioned stimulus (CS) so new stimulus is blocked
2nd Order Conditioning
- another stimulus predicts stimulus
- so signal to have response sooner
- condition on the condition
2 things needed for classical conditioning to work
- needs to be done in the right order/not random -> needs predictive power with more than just random chance
- needs to be close enough (time wise)
- Ex: 1 day later won’t work
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
favorable consequence (reinforcement) -> more
unfavorable consequence (punishment) -> less
- do more -> REWARD
- do less -> PUNISH
Shaping
Method of Successive Approximation
- reward for behavior getting closer to end goal
Operant Conditioning
- relationship between behavior and consequences, and how consequences influence behavior
- rewards and punishment
Reinforcement -» (2 things)
Punishment -» (2 things)
Reinforcement -> ➕candy
give good thing (increase behavior)
-> ➖take away seatbelt sound
take away bad thing (increase behavior)
Punishment -> ➕shock
give bad thing (decrease behavior)
-> ➖take away phone
take away bad thing (decrease behavior)
Token Economy
monkey -> token -> banana
monkey -> lever -> token
- token is a conditioned reinforcer (a stimulus that gains reinforcing power through association with a primary reinforcer) that can be exchanged for banana
- token has no value, but represents what it can get you
Learned Helplessness
feel powerless if you don’t have control over the environment you’re in
- Ex: puppy shock
- even though made a safe space/something different in room, puppy still goes to center of room/is shocked
Internal locus of control vs. External locus of controll
Internal locus of control: got B on first midterm, what to do? study harder to change it
External locus of control: why try if no matter what you do you’ll fail (learned helplessness)
Avoidance learning
Ex: puppy shock
- go to safe spot before/even when there’s no shock
Escape learning
Ex: puppy shock
- escaping to a safe spot after the shock/bad stimulus
Behavioral Contrast
- magnitude of response depends on reward that came before
- value of a reinforcer depends on “what came before”
Ex: Summer Reading Program
Fixed vs. Variable Ratio
- fixed ratio: fixed number of response gets a reward
- variable ratio: variable number of response gets a reward
- fixed is easier to kill
- variable: never know when reward is
Fixed vs. Variable Interval
Fixed Interval: fixed interval of time until reward can be given (ex: checking for mail)
- clustering: tom of response at the end of interval
Variable Interval: variable amount of time until reward can be given (ex: studying for pop quiz)
Biological Inclinations of Learning
- learn what (food/taste) is poisonous so don’t die
Taste aversion
Long Term Potentiation
neuro plasticity
- you don’t use it, you lose it
- create new dendrites when you use it and associate it with something else; lose dendrites when you don’t
Incidental Learning
rats -> maze
________________________
rats(maze) -> cheese FASTER
rats -> cheese
rats(maze) do better because have a mental map of maze when no motivation
Habituation
• stimulus -> respond at first -> no longer giving the brain useful information -> brain ignores
Dishabituation: switch is up after used to it -> now you notice
