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Final Countdown > LD Weekend > Flashcards

LD Weekend Flashcards

1
Q

Nomothetic

A

Describe group approaches

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2
Q

Right-left confusion is characteristic of damage to the

A

Parietal lobe

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3
Q

During the latter part of their first year, children’s language learning ability changes in that they

A

Become less able to perceive sound distinctions not made in their own language

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4
Q

Concept of restriction of range

A

Correlations, reliability, and validity are always lower when the range is restricted for one or both variables

I.e. higher correlations between IQ and academic performance with elementary and high school student than college b/c we all go to elementary and HS

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5
Q

Attempting to teach a new behavior through the use of aversive techniques is difficult because

A

Punishment merely suppresses unwanted behavior

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6
Q

In Piaget’s stages of moral development, heteronomous morality is characterized by

A

Rules being seen as unchanging and unchangeable

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7
Q

When the spread of scores increases, the variance

A

Increases

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9
Q

The Standards for Education and Psychological Testing provides

A

Criteria by which tests and manuals should be judged, and which tests should strive to meet

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10
Q

According to the results of meta-analyses, what is true regarding gender and leadership style

A

Women tend to use more of a democratic or participatory leadership style, while men tend to use more of an autocratic style

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11
Q

Best treatment for OCD

A

Flooding

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13
Q

Law of Parsimony

A

Known as Occam’s razor, developed by William Ockham

Suggests that the best explanation for a phenomenon is the one that is simplest and request the fewest assumptions.

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14
Q

Density and negative moods by gender

A

Men - in high density situations

Women - in low density situations

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15
Q

MANOVA is better than multiple one way ANOVAs because

A

It usually offers greater protection against a Type 1 error

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16
Q

Physiologically based drives such as rage and fear reactions are regulated by the

A

Hypothalamus

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17
Q

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A

States that the language people use actually shapes how they think

I.e. English speakers think about snow differently from eskimos since they have fewer words for it

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18
Q

The primary impact of the Hawthorne experiments in the Western Electric Company was showing the effect on work performance of

A

Interpersonal and social factors

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19
Q

In Piaget’s stages of moral development, incipient cooperation is characterized by

A

Games become more clearly social with formal rules as to right and wrong

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21
Q

Successful negotiation of intimacy versus isolation leads to

A

Love

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22
Q

When one uses a time-series design to evaluate a program, fluctuations in the outcome slope can be accounted for by various alternative hypotheses. According to Campbell and Stanley, the most probable alternative is that

A

A simultaneous event produced the fluctuation

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23
Q

Adult attachment inventory categories and their infant’s categories

A

1) Secure adults - secure infants
2) Dismissing adults - avoidant infants
3) Preoccupied adults - ambivalent/anxious infants

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24
Q

Average effect size found in psychotherapy outcome research

A

0.85

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26
Q

Learning disabilities are defined by discrepancies between

A

Achievement and aptitude

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27
Q

When is the median the best measure to use

A

When there are either some very extreme score or a substantially percentage of maximum scores (25%)

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28
Q

Shape of distribution of percentile ranks

A

Flat or rectangular

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29
Q

Ipsative data

A

Results from a forced choice format

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30
Q

At what age do children notice differences base on racial or ethnic background

A

3-4

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32
Q

Tiedeman and O’Hara theory of career development

A

Focuses on process of differentiation and integration

Differentiation is making distinctions about the different aspects of oneself and the environment

Integration is unifying these aspects

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33
Q

Most likely outcome for a child with a reading disorder is

A

Continued problems with reading as an adult

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34
Q

When subjected to moderate punishment, an instrumental response of moderate strength will

A

Be suppressed

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35
Q

The technique that is most likely to produce an immediate improvement in the behavior of a chid who hits others and rips up schoolbooks is

A

A combination of reinforcement for appropriate behaviors and mild punishment for inappropriate behaviors

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36
Q

The use of a MANOVA is preferable to a serrated ANOVA on each dependent measure in order to reduce the

A

Number of Type I Errors

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38
Q

Research on the effects of maternal employment on children’s development indicates that

A

In families of lower SES level, both sons and daughters of working mothers perform better on measures of cognitive development than do those of non working mothers.

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42
Q

Adult Attachment Interview categories

A

1) Secure/autonomous - highly coherence and consistency
2) Insecure/dismissing - contradictions and lapses in memory
3) Insecure/preoccupied - confused, incoherent

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43
Q

What disease produces blindness and muscle degeneration prior to death

A

Tay-Sacks Disease

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44
Q

DRO

A

Differential reinforcement for other behaviors

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45
Q

Criterion deficiency

A

When the criterion is lacking or deficient

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46
Q

Source amnesia

A

An episodic memory disorder where source or contextual information surrounding facts are severely distorted and/or unable to be recalled

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47
Q

What is the small part of the brain above the pons that arouses the brain, integrates sensory information, and relays it upward

A

Midbrain

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47
Q

The kind of deafness that occurs from damage to the cochlea, hair cells, or auditory neurons is known as

A

Sensorineural deafness

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48
Q

How does Lewin’s field theory explain behavior

A

Behavior is a function of the relationship between a person and his or her environment

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48
Q

Ellen Berscheid’s research into relationships focuses on

A

How features of a relationship’s exterior influences relationship satisfaction

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49
Q

The ideal outcome of racial/cultural identity development is

A

Recognizing that all cultures have acceptable and unacceptable aspects

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50
Q

What does the medulla control

A

Breathing, heart rate, and reflexes

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51
Q

Humanistic and existential therapists view ulcers, hypertension, and tension headaches as

A

Symptoms of a loss of contact with personal values

52
Q

Who is associated with differentiation

A

Bowenian family systems therapists

53
Q

Crytomnesia

A

When a person perceived the recovery of information from memory as being an original idea of their own

56
Q

When an individual is said to be experiencing REM during his sleep, it is characterized by

A

Rapid eye movements, high levels of brain activity, a deep relaxation of the muscles, and dreaming. Pulse rate and breathing become irregular

57
Q

Kochanska states that the development of conscious in young children is related to

A

Early temperament and parenting styles

Positive correlated with high inhibitory control and low impulsivity in early childhood
In terms of parenting styles, linked to mutual positive affect between mother and child, low power assertion by the mother,and maternal empathy

58
Q

Professional psychologist

A

Anyone with a doctorate

59
Q

Heuristic

A

Involves giving an educated guess based on prior experiences that narrow down the possible solutions for a problem.

60
Q

Sleep talking and walking occur during what stage of sleep

A

Stage 4

62
Q

What neurotransmitter is involved in memory and learning

A

Norepinephrine

63
Q

Comparison of an individual’s score with an inappropriate norm group does not affect

A

The reliability of the score

65
Q

Source misattribution

A

Occurs when individuals misremember the time, place, person, or circumstances involved with a memory

66
Q

According to the theory of cognitive dissonance, greater change of belief will occur in forced compliance situations

A

When compliance is accompanied by a small reward

67
Q

Studies on persuasion have shown that when a communicator is credible, the degree to which the receiver’s initial position will change is

A

Greater when there is a larger discrepancy between the communicator’s position and the receiver’s initial position

68
Q

The primary advantage of the forced-choice distribution of rated attributes in performance appraisal is that it

A

Enhances the reliability of ratings

68
Q

Factors that correlate most highly with turnover

A

1) Satisfaction
2) Length of time on the job
3) Expressed interest to stay

69
Q

Criterion-related validity

A

The degree of correlation between the predictor and the criterion

70
Q

Catharsis according to behaviorism

A

Catharsis works to reduce anxiety by a process of classical extinction

Seen as akin to flooding with response prevention

71
Q

According to classical test theory, the variance of the obtained test scores is equal to the

A

Sum of the true score variance and the error variance

71
Q

Formal concept

A

Defined by specific rules and features

72
Q

The largest proportion of variation in therapy outcome is accounted for by

A

Therapeutic technique variable, such as the ability to be directive and still keep the patient in therapy

73
Q

Griggs vs Duke Power

A

Broad, general testing can’t be used to make decision about hiring and promotion. Must use tests that measure specific skills required by a particular job.

74
Q

Circular model of causality

A

A symptom is a cause and an effect in dysfunctional communication patterns

75
Q

A widely used procedure for matching client aptitude’s to job requirements is the

A

Multiple cut off techniques

76
Q

The most valid way for psychotherapists to monitor the quality fo their own services is to

A

Check in an objective manner their clients’ ability to cope with their problems

77
Q

Confidence intervals and standard error of measurements

A

68% - 1 SEM each side
95% - 2 SEM each side
98% - 3 SEM each side

78
Q

Bare minimum recommended hours for sleeping

A

7

80
Q

Primary circular reactions

A

Early in sensorimotor state when child’s own actions stimulates the child to perform that action more

I.e. sucking thumb feels good which makes them suck more

81
Q

Most common reason for suicide in the the elderly

A

Physical illness

83
Q

According to the Standards for Education and Psychological Testing, when interpreting and reporting test results, one should

A

focus attention on the confidence interval of a score rather than on the obtains score itself

85
Q

Criterion relevance

A

The extent to which the actual criterion (i.e. church attendance) truly measures the conceptual criterion (i.e. morality)

The greater the criterion deficiency, the less criterion relevance

85
Q

Shrinkage

A

When a predictor test is developed and tested on one sample, but when administered to a second sample the validity coefficient shrinks due to chance factors in the first group

85
Q

Indifference and apathy are the likely consequences of lesions in the

A

Right hemisphere of the cerebral cortex

85
Q

The idea behind the acquisition of ultimate intelligence is based on the formula of

A

Brain + Heart + Soul

86
Q

Multiple relationships are allowed

A

When they would not reasonably be expected to cause impairment or risk exploitation or harm

86
Q

A motivational theory predicting that an increase of incentives may serve to reduce work output is

A

Intrinsic motivation theory

86
Q

Studies of persons in their 70s, 80s, and 90s indicate that intellectual functioning is more closely related to

A

Health status

86
Q

What does Beck’s cognitive theory posit about negative thinking in depressed people

A

Negative thinking occurs automatically and sometimes without awareness

86
Q

What stimulant is considered the most dangerous and addictive drug in use

A

Stimulant nicotine

87
Q

With respect to the relationship between achievement and anxiety in schoolchildren, it appears that

A

Mildly anxious children are better achievers than more anxious ones

87
Q

Research on noise in the workplace

A
  • Its the perception of control over the noise that is important
  • When people perceive they have control, they are not bothered by noise
  • Continuous noise is less disruptive than intermittent noise
  • Noise is generally less disruptive with simple, repetitive tasks
87
Q

Who is associated with prescribing the symptom

A

Strategic therapists

87
Q

Lesions to what are have been associated with outbursts of rage and aggressive behavior

A

Medial hypothalamus

87
Q

False Fame Effect

A

Where subjects remembered the names but could not recall where they had encountered the names so they concluded that the individuals were famous

88
Q

Functional fixed ness

A

A block to problem solving that comes from thinking about objects in terms of only their typical functions

89
Q

Stages of groups per yalom

A

1) First stage - hesitant participation and dependency
2) Second stage - conflicts, efforts for dominance, and rebellion against leader
3) Third stage - cohesiveness

89
Q

The most likely use of an “in basket” technique in personnel selection would be with which type of employee

A

Managerial

89
Q

Successful negotiation of trust vs mistrust leads to

A

Hope

89
Q

Reduction in pain reported by patients after they have undergone hypnosis is known as

A

Hypnotic analgesia

90
Q

Numerous factor-analysis studies have been performed on tests of motor function. In general these studies have revealed that

A

Most motor functions are highly specific

90
Q

A correct statement about the early babbling of infants from different language communities is that it

A

Contains the full range of phonemes that comprise all languages

91
Q

The correlation between two sets of test scores indicates that

A

Proportion of variance in one test associated with the variance in the other test

92
Q

Idiographic

A

Describes single subject approaches

92
Q

Successful negotiation of industry vs inferiority leads to

A

Competence

93
Q

First degree relatives of schizophrenics are more likely to be diagnosed as

A

Schizotypal

Schizotypal PD appears to aggregate familiarly and is more prevalent among the first degree biological relatives of individuals with Schizophrenia than among the general public

94
Q

Superordinate concept

A

Represents a class or category of objects, events, or activities

96
Q

Shape of Z-score distribution

A

Identical to the shape of the raw score distribution

97
Q

Quasi-experimental designs are distinguished from true experimental designs on the basis of where there is

A

Random assignment of participants to groups

99
Q

In the research on leadership of children’s groups, a major finding concerning group behavior was

A

Autocratic and democratic groups were quantitatively and qualitatively more productive than liaises-fairy groups

101
Q

What is the bridge between the spinal cord and the brain

A

The pons

102
Q

Electrical stimulation of the brain for the treatment of chronic pain

A

May produce its effects by promoting the release o endogenous opiates

104
Q

When using factor analysis, a major concern of personality theorists has been specifying the

A

Number of dimensions necessary to describe personality

105
Q

Connection between happiness and marriage

A

Happiness beliefs brought into marriage influence how satisfied they will be as the marriage develops

106
Q

Rate of sperm decline with age

A

Declines by 30%

107
Q

What part of the nervous system controls voluntary activities

A

Somatic nervous system

108
Q

What medication is used for Bipolar disorder after Lithium

A

Anticonvulsants

I.e. Tegretol (carbamazepine), Depakote (divalproex), and Depakene (valproic acid)

109
Q

Brain infarcts

A

Small strokes occurring in the brain that, over time, contribute to the development of vascular dementia

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