6 Flashcards
Psychological reactance
When an individual has been asked to do something and does the opposite
Typical onset for Panic Disorder
Late adolescence and mid 30s
How is Cohen’s d calculated
By subtracting the mean of the control group from the mean of the experimental group and dividing the result by the control group standard deviation or by a pooled standard deviation
Prosodic bootstrapping
Children find and use clues to syntactic structure of language in the prosodic (intonation, stress) characteristics of speech they hear.
Interpersonal justice
How an individual is treated by a supervisor or third party involved in executing procedures or determining outcomes.
Seropositive
HIV positive
Autosomal genetic disorder
Occur in the presence of only one gene on a chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
Difference between summative and formative evaluations
Summative evaluations deal with whether a program has achieved its intended objectives
Formative evaluation address issues related to the implementation of the program.
What correlation is used when one variable is continuous and the other is an artificial dichotomy
Biserial coefficient
Beutler’s therapy
Eclectic and based on the paradigm of specific treatments for specific conditions and that the therapist, therapist-client relationships, and interactions variables are more important than specific techniques
What happened in the prisoner’s dilemma game
People tend to compete straight away and be suspicious and hostile towards others.
Stages of Baumgartner’s incorporation of HIV/AIDS diagnosis into identity
1) Diagnosis
2) Post-diagnosis turning point
3) Immersion
4) Post-immersion turning point
5) Integration
6) Disclosure
Maximizing law
Proposes animals will respond in a manner to achieve the maximum rate/number of rewards possible
Who is associated with the ecological model
Bronfenbrenner
Cognitive constructivism
Based on Piaget’s work that proposes that humans construct knowledge through their experiences with the world.
Equilibration
A state of cognitive balance. The need for balance is what motivates the individual to assimilate and accommodate new information
CPAP
Used for the treatment of sleep apnea
Neurotransmitter associated with Tourette’s
Dopamine
Interpersonal psychotherapy premise
Short-term approach to the treatment of depression and focused on 4 problem areas: grief, role disputes, role transitions, and interpersonal deficits.
Lazarus’ MultiModal Therapy acronym
BASIC ID - Categories of interrelated aspects of personality which need to be address for effective treatment
B - Behavior A - Affect S - Sensation I - Imagery C - Cognition I - Interpersonal relationships D - Need for drugs or other biological functioning
Cataplexy
A sudden loss of partial or complete muscle tone during excitement or arousal
Alpha
The level of significance set by a researcher prior to analyzing data
Distributive justice
The perceived fairness of outcomes
Reinforced practice
Involves practicing approaching and confronting a feared situation or object to make confronting it easier and individual is rewarded when they do so.
What correlation is used when the variables are ranks
Spearman rho
Interpersonal psychotherapy is based on the work of
Sullivan
Theory associated with Wittrock
Generative Learning Model
That learners construct meaning from the connections of previous learning and experience with new knowledge or unfamiliar experiences
Two major roles of a group therapist per Yalom
1) Keep the group focused on the here-and-now
2) Help illuminate process
What correlation is used when both variables are measured on a nominal scale
Contingency coefficient
Age for first step
12 months
Continuous recording
Recording all behaviors of the target during each observation session
Overregularization
Grammatical errors whereby a child uses a regular form for a word when the correct form is irregular (i.e. holded instead of held)
Duration recording
Recording the elapsed time during which the target behavior occurs.
Changing criterion
A type of single case design involving a series of phases in which a differing behavioral criterion is set for each.
Convergent thinking
The ability to group or analyze divergent ideas usually leading to a unifying concept or single solution
Partial or focal seizures
Typically begin with uncontrollable twitching of a small part of the body which expands.
What impact does Methylphenidate have on neurotransmitters
It is a norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor so it increases the availability of both.
Theory associated with Bruner
Discovery learning
Greater learning occurs when individuals engage in situations to question,explore, and experiment for themselves.
Family Anxiety Management
Teaches parents to reward the child for confronting feared situation or object, and ignore excessive complaining when confronted with feared situation or object.
Typical symptoms associated with children of parents with PTSD
Depression Anxiety Self-blame Aggression Hyperactivity Social withdrawal
Cohen’s D
Used as an index of effect size, but is a measure of the mean difference between 2 groups
Disjunctive tasks
The group must choose one of many alternative ways to do the task.
Engineering psychologists
Tend to examine the factors making up the job and how those impact the worker
Motivators vs hygiene factors
Motivators increase satisfaction
Hygiene factors prevent dissatisfaction
Seroconversion
The development of antibodies to a particular antigen or the conversion from seronegative to seropositive as a result of the presence of antibodies
Marfan’s syndrome
Affects the connective tissue
False fame effect
When subjects remember the names but could not recall where they had encountered the name so they conclude that the individual were famous
Stimulus control
Involves manipulating cues, or stimuli in the environment that, when present, increase the probability of a particular response.
Guilford’s theory of intellligence
Convergent and divergent thinking
James-Lange theory of emotion
We feel after our body reacts (i.e. we are sad because we cry)
Purpose of the standards for educational and psychological testing
To provide criteria for the evaluation of tests, testing practices, and the effects of test use.
Matching law
Predicts that when an animal can choose from 2 or more simultaneously available contingencies, that responding to each contingency will be proportional to the reinforcement on each schedule.
Job enrichment
A motivational technique that involves given employees increased responsibility, decision-making authority, and autonomy
Post-concussional syndrome
Somatic and psychological symptoms associated with head trauma
Interactional justice
The exchange between and individual and supervisor
Has 2 dimensions:
1) Informational justice
2) Interpersonal justice
Systematic desensitization
Imagining feared object while engaged in a response that is incompatible with anxiety (I.e. relaxation or play)
Von Willebrand’s disease
Causes blood clotting defects
Reformulated model of learned helplessness and what underlies depression
Helplessness and depression is caused by internal, stable, and global attributions about negative events.
Damage to what area causes left-right disorientation
Parietal lobe
Source amnesia
An episodic memory disorder where source or contextual information surrounding facts are severely distorted and/or unable to be recalled.
Moderator variables
Variables that affect the validity of a test
Results in differential validity
Moderator variable
Any variable that influences the relationship between 2 other variables
An eigenvalue
Based on the factor loading of all the variables in the factor analysis to a particular factor
When the factor loadings are high, the eigenvalue will be large.
A large eigenvalue would mean that a particular factors accounts for a large proportion of the variance among the variables.
Gender segregation
Refers to children’s preferences for same-sex peer affiliations
What is caused by eating food with tyramine while on an MAOI
Hypertensive crisis
Galton’s theory of intellligence
Intelligence is an inherited trait distributed normally across the population
Interval recording
Rater observes a subject at given intervals and notes whether or not the subject is engaging in the target behavior during that interval.
Most useful for behaviors that do not have a fixed beginning or end.
Additive tasks
Permit the addition of individual efforts so that the outcome is a combination of individual contributions
Actigraphy
Used to monitor body movements such as in the assessment of sleep disorders
Central focus in CBT for panic disorder
On the misinterpretation of physical symptoms
Catastrophic interpretations increase fear, leading to more physical reactions and thus causing a feedback loop that spirals out of control and causes panic attack.
Driver, Brousseau, and Hunsaker identified the following types of decision makers
1) Decisive
2) Flexible
3) Hierarchic
4) Integrative
5) Systemic
Examples of autosomal dominant gene disorders
1) Huntington’s
2) Marfan’s
3) Von Willebrand’s
Cattell’s theory of intellligence
Distinguishes between fluid and crystallized intelligence
Reciprocal teaching
Where the teacher and student take turns leading a dialogue
Response deprivation theory
Proposes when an animal’s normal response rate is restricted, that behavior becomes more preferred and therefore reinforcing
what type of justice is the best predictor of work performance and counterproductive work behavior
Procedural justice
Lewin, Lipitor, and White identified the following styles of leadership
1) Autocratic
2) Democratic
3) Laissez-faire
Source misattributions
Occur when an individual misremember the time, place, person, or circumstances involved with a memory
4 environmental systems in ecological model
1) Microsystem
2) Mesosystem
3) Exosystem
4) Macrosystem
Semantic bootstrapping
The idea that children utilize conceptual knowledge to create grammatical categories. Meaning of words are used to identify the semantic category and then inferred.
Internal locus of control
Tend to view positive and negative outcomes as the result of their own actions
Seronegative
HIV negative
Probability-differential theory
Aka Premack Principle
Claims that an activity will have reinforcing properties when its probability of occurrence is greater than that of the behavior it is intended to reinforce.
Cryptomnesia
When a person perceives the recovery of information from a memory as being an original idea of their own
Procedural justice
Perceived fairness of the process by which outcomes were allocated
Syntactic bootstrapping
Proposes that sentence structure surrounding a new word provide clues to its meaning
Who is responsible for Social Learning Theory of Career Decision Making
Krumboltz
Structural equation modeling
Technique used to evaluate or confirm the cause and effect or hypothesized relationship between both measured and latent variables
Logotherapy fundamental idea
The primary motivational force in human beings is the search for a meaning in life
Tourette’s diagnosis
Multiple motor tics and one or more vocal tics for at least 1 year
What causes Prader-Willi syndrome
Chromosomal deletion
What is the limbic system responsible for
Primal urges and emotions that ensure self-preservation such as hunger, terror, rage, and sexual desire.
Common language abnormalities in children with autism
echolalia and reversal of pronouns (i.e. using you instead of i)
Children and adolescents with GAD frequently worry about
Their performance or competence at school and in sporting events. They may also worry about catastrophic events
Levels of Kirkpatrick’s model for evaluating training programs
1) Reaction
2) Learning
3) Behavior
4) Result
Phonological bootstrapping
Clues to grammar of language are found in phonological (sound) properties of the speech heard.
Compensatory tasks
The average performance of all group members represents the group’s product
Difference between simple and complex partial seizures
Simple - no alteration of consciousness
Complex - do alter consciousness
Generalized tonic-clonic or grand mal seizures
Begin as bilaterally symmetrical at onset and involve episodes of violent shaking
External locus of control
View outside forces as in control over what happens to them.
Discriminate function analysis
Used to identify variables that distinguish between two or more existing or naturally occurring groups
Solomon four-group
Used to determine the effects of protesting on internal and external validity
Informational justice
The amount of information or the appropriateness of explanations provided about why procedures were used or outcomes were distributed in a certain way
Best reliability coefficient
Alternate forms
Mediator variable
Affected by the independent variable and affects the dependent variable. It is responsible for observed relationship between an IV and a DV.
ETA squared
The square of the correlation coefficient and is used as an index of effect size
Thurstone’s theory of intellligence
Applied his method of factor analysis to intelligence leading to his proposed theory of Primary Mental Abilities
Three cornerstones of logotherapy
1) Freedom of will
2) Will to meaning
3) Meaning of life
Petit mal or absence seizures
Minimal motor activities and lack of awareness
What correlation is used when both variables are true dichotomies
Phi coefficient
Multiple hurdle versus multiple cut off
Multiple hurdle - predictors are administered in a particular order and applicant can be eliminated if fails one
Multiple cut off - no order, all tests given
Original model of learned helplessness
The belief that no action will have an effect on the person’s situation
External locus of responsibility
Place credit or blame with other for what happens to them
What is the Strong Interest Inventory more valid for predicting
Occupational choice and satisfaction
Percents of women who experience full postpartum depression
10-20%
Frequency recording
Keeping count of the number of times a behavior occurs.
Latin square design
Partial counterbalancing when the number of subjects doesn’t allow for a complete counterbalanced design. Helps establish the specific sequences of treatment to be administered to different groups.
Theory associated with Lave
Situated learning model
2 principles
1) Learning is a function of the activity, context, and culture in which it occurs
2) Learning requires social interaction and collaboration
Theory associated with Frankl
Logotherapy
Discriminant function analysis
Classifying participants into criterion groups based on their status or score on 2 or more predictors
Divergent thinking
The ability to generate creative, new ideas or to elaborate or branch off from traditional approaches.
Conjunctive tasks
Everyone must achieve a given goal in order for the task to be complete
Internal locus of responsibility
Credit or blame themselves for what happens to them
