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5 Flashcards

1
Q

Oculogyric crisis

A

Rapid eye movements

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2
Q

3 stages of adult cognitive development

A

1) An understanding of the relativistic nature of knowledge
2) Acceptance of contradiction as part of reality
3) Integrative approach to thinking

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3
Q

Greater susceptibility to misinformation is associated with:

A

1) The passage of time (decreases detection)
2) Longer retention times (decreases memory performance)
3) timing of the reporting/testing (worse when misled right before testing)
4) Age (younger children and older adults do worse)

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4
Q

Self-verification theory

A

Individuals need and seek confirmation of their self-concept, whether the confirmation is positive or negative.

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5
Q

When is light therapy most effective

A

For the treatment of atypical symptoms like carb cravings and hypersomnia

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6
Q

Conservation

A

The ability to understand that quantity or fundamental properties of an object are not necessarily related to the objects appearance.

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8
Q

How to determine criterion relate validity

A

Scores on a predictor test are correlated with an outside criteria with the criteria being what is being predicted

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9
Q

Opisthotonus

A

Whole body spasms

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11
Q

Avolition

A

Lack of initiative or goals

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12
Q

Area of the brain associated with OCD

A

An overactive caudate nucleus

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13
Q

Main structures of the limbic system

A

1) Olfactory bulb
2) Hypothalamus
3) Pituitary gland
4) Hippocampus

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15
Q

Depression is associated with what sleep symptoms

A

1) Decreased slow-wave or non-REM sleep
2) early morning waking
3) Decreased sleep continuity
4) Earlier onset of REM sleep or decreased REM latency

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16
Q

Moderator

A

A qualitative or quantitative variable that affects the direction and/or strength of the relation between an IV and a DV

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17
Q

Covert sensitization

A

A type of aversion therapy that uses counter conditioning in imagination in order to reduce or eliminate an undesirable behavior.

The individual imagines he/she is engaging in the target or undesirable behavior and then imagines an aversive consequence for doing so.

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18
Q

Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

A

An event causes physiological arousal first, then reasoning

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19
Q

Echolalia in speech development

A

Baby imitates speech sounds without understanding their meaning

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20
Q

Multiple correlation

A

Used when there are 2 or more predictor variables and a single criterion variable

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21
Q

Relationship between threats of retaliation and aggression

A

Threats are more likely to suppress aggression when the retaliatory is of high status or power.

Threats are more likely to increase aggression if the retaliatory has previously provoked the person.

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22
Q

Overshadowing

A

When 2 CSs are presented simultaneously and followed by an UCS, the more salient CS is more strongly conditioned than the less salient.

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23
Q

Embryonic stage

A

2-8 weeks after fertilization. Is also when the embryo is most vulnerable to environmental influences and miscarriage

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24
Q

Locus of control and responsibility for marginalized individuals

A

External locus of control and internal locus of responsibility

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25
Q

Who is associated with personal construct therapy

A

Kelly

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26
Q

Prevalence rate for Panic Disorder

A

1-2% in community samples

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27
Q

Measurement bias

A

The test measures a construct not relevant to it stated purpose, with the result of lower of scores for a given subgroup.

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29
Q

Overcorrection

A

Being consistently reinforced for engaging in behaviors other than the undesirable behavior during a prespecified period of time

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30
Q

Medications for Bipolar d/o

A

Lithium and/or anti-seizure medication

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32
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Reasoning from a general law to a particular case

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33
Q

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

Physiological and emotional arousal are experienced at the same time

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34
Q

Assimilation

A

Assimilating new information into existing cognitive schemas

I.e. calling a zebra a horse when seeing it for the first time

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36
Q

Working backwards heuristic

A

A strategy that finds a solution by literally using the end point to suggest connections to the starting point

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37
Q

Brand and type: Carbamazepine

A

Tegretol, anti-seizure medication

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39
Q

Sleep bruxism

A

Grinding teeth while sleeping

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40
Q

Problem adolescent drug use is associated with

A

Alienation, impulsivity and subjective distress

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41
Q

Change blindness

A

Difficulty perceiving major changes to unattended-to parts of a visual image when the changes are introduced during brief interruptions in the presentation of the image

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42
Q

Triangulation in research

A

The attempt to increase reliability by reducing systematic or method error through a strategy in which the researcher employs multiple methods of measurement.

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43
Q

Order of gender concept development

A

1) Gender identity
2) Gender stability
3) Gender constancy

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44
Q

Backwards blocking

A

A conditioned response to the second stimulus is reduced. Two CSs are simultaneously paired with an UCS and then only one of those CSs continues to be paired with the UCS.

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45
Q

Founder of reality therapy

A

Glasser

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46
Q

Predictive bias

A

Errors of prediction consistently occur for a particular subgroup

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47
Q

Berne’s ego states

A

parent, child, adult

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48
Q

Tiedemann and O’Hara’s theory of career development

A

A person develops a vocational identity through a process of many differentiations and reintegration throughout the lifespan.

Differentiation comes from the realization that a particular career does not “fit” with one’s personality, Integration involves identifying with a career.

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49
Q

Akathisia

A

Inability to sit, constantly pacing, restlessness

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50
Q

Transaction per Berne

A

Communication between ego states

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51
Q

Role of the hypothalamus

A

Regulates motivational behavior

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52
Q

Focus of solution-focused therapy

A

The here-and-now and identifying solutions to problems

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53
Q

A psychoanalytic therapist would attribute a depressive character to

A

A narcissistic injury in early life

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54
Q

Risk for suicide for mood disorders

A

Depressed and psychotic have 5x greater risk of suicide

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55
Q

Reversibility according to Piaget

A

Involves the ability to imagine that objects can be changed and then restored to their original states

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56
Q

Actor-observe effect

A

The tendency to attribute one’s own behavior to situational factors and the behavior of others to dispositional factors

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57
Q

Stages of speech development

A

1) Crying
2) Cooing and babbling
3) Echolalia and expressive jargon
4) Holophrastic speech
5) Telegraphic speech
6) Rapid growth of vocabulary
7) Use of grammatically correct sentences
8) Development of metalinguistic awareness

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58
Q

Order of setting up training

A

1) Needs assessment
2) Determine training objectives
3) Personnel audit

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59
Q

A psychoanalytic therapist would attribute a passive-aggressive character to

A

Denial of negative impulses

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60
Q

Total Quality Management

A

Focuses on maximizing customer service and satisfaction. Involves employees as all aspects of decision making.

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61
Q

Symbolic thought

A

Understanding that one thing can stand for another

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62
Q

Alogia

A

Speechlessness

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63
Q

Item analysis

A

The procedure used to determine what items will be retained for the final version of a test

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64
Q

What behavioral technique is often used for overeating

A

Stimulus control or reducing exposure to environmental cues that trigger eating

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65
Q

Cass’s process of homosexual identity

A

1) Identity awareness
2) Identity comparison
3) Identity tolerance
4) Identity acceptance
5) Identity pride
6) Synthesis

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66
Q

Most conclusive way to definitely confirm Dementia of Alzheimer’s

A

Brain autopsy after death

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67
Q

When a person is ready to take action, what is considered in the Health Belief Model

A

The cost versus benefits of action and won’t proceed until the benefits outweigh the costs

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68
Q

Structured interview

A

A series of job related questions with predetermined “correct” answers are used

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69
Q

Estimate of children with Tourette’s who also have ADHD

A

60%

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70
Q

Highest divorce rates associated with what factors for women

A

1) marry at a younger age
2) have a lower level of education
3) had a child when she got married
4) have a lower income
5) No religious affiliation

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71
Q

Loftus’ Discrepancy Detection principle

A

Susceptibility to misinformation is inversely related to the ability to notice the discrepancies.

Warning individuals before they received post-event information that might be inaccurate or misleading increases vigilance and the likelihood that the discrepancies will be spotted.

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72
Q

Endogenous attention

A

Top down. Attentional effort is under control of the individual

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73
Q

Three steps of survey feedback

A

1) Collecting data
2) Providing feedback
3) Implementing or developing action plans

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74
Q

Personal construct therapy focuses on

A

The effect of the individual’s perspective on his/her experience of the world

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75
Q

Who is responsible for inoculation theory

A

McGuire

76
Q

Probands

A

Individuals who are first brought to the attention of the researcher.

77
Q

Emotional investment in Berscheid’s Emotion-in-relationships model

A

Partners are most likely to underestimate their emotional investment when things are running smoothly as their are fewer emotions

78
Q

What groups does the Mini Mental status exam overestimate cognitive deficits for?

A

1) African Americans
2) Lower SES
3) Lower levels of education

79
Q

Tension headache

A

Constant, dull pain on both sides of head

80
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

A theorized drive individuals have to reduce discomfort caused by holding to conflicting cognitions

81
Q

Berscheid’s Emotion-in-relationships model

A

Positive and negative emotions are most likely to occur in a relationship when the partner’s behavior interrupts the individual’s typical on-going behavior

82
Q

Explicit memory

A

Created by doing something with your experiences such as thinking, talking, writing, or studying about them.

83
Q

Social comparison theory

A

People self-evaluate by comparing themselves with similar others when objective information is not available

84
Q

Microsystem

A

Individual’s immediate environment and includes parents, siblings, caregivers, classmates, and teachers

85
Q

Role of the basal ganglia

A

Codes and relays information associated with the control of voluntary movement

86
Q

Transformational versus transactional leaders

A

Transformational leaders are change-oriented and work towards the best interest of the organization

Transactional leaders motivate through appealing to the followers’ self interests and focus more on stability than change

87
Q

Parkinson’s disease is associated with was neurotransmitter

A

Low levels of dopamine

88
Q

Role of the pituitary gland

A

controls the timing and amount of hormone release

89
Q

Delirium

A

Characterized by a disturbance in cognition, impaired attention, and changes in cognition, due to a condition or other physiological cause such as substance intoxication.

90
Q

Fundamental attribution bias

A

The general tendency to overly attribute the behaviors of others to dispositional (personality based) factors, as opposed to contextual or situationally based factors

91
Q

Difference in major depressive episodes between adults and children

A

Children are more likely to have somatic complaints, irritability, and social withdrawal

Adults are more likely to have psychomotor retardation, hypersomnia, and delusions

92
Q

Accommodation

A

Process of changing internal cognitive structures to increase their consistency with external reality.

93
Q

A psychoanalytic therapist would attribute psychosis to

A

Primitive fantasies of aggression

94
Q

Troiden’s age grade model of homosexual identity

A

1) Sensitization
2) Identity confusion
3) Identity assumption
4) Commitment

95
Q

Self perception theory

A

When clear internal cues are absent, individuals infer feelings and beliefs by observed behavior or external cues.

96
Q

Reticular formation

A

A group of nerve fibers located inside the brain stem which controls sleep, arousal, and attention

97
Q

Hemiparesis

A

Weakness on one side of the body

98
Q

What is Tiedeman and O’Hara’s career development model based on

A

Erikson’s psychosocial theory of ego identity development

99
Q

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development

A

Stage 1- avoiding punishment
Stage 2 - Self-interest (if it feels good, do it)
Stage 3 - Conventional starts; Good boy attitude (motivated by the approval of others)
Stage 4 - Law & order (do your duty)
Stage 5 - Start post conventional, Motivation by the morality of social contract
Stage 6 - Morality transcends legal standards

100
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

An event causes physiological arousal first, then interpretation

101
Q

Behavioral explanation for depression

A

Too little reinforcement and too much punishment

102
Q

Brand and type: methylphenidate

A

Ritalin, stimulant

103
Q

Holophrastic speech

A

Baby says his or her first words and uses single words to express sentences or phrases

104
Q

Tetrachoric correlation

A

Technique used to estimate the magnitude of the relationship between 2 continuous variables that have been dichotomized

105
Q

Where is short term memory associated with

A

Prefrontal cortex

106
Q

Sophie’s coming out process

A

1) awareness
2) testing and exploration
3) Identity acceptance
4) Commitment

107
Q

Locus of control and responsibility for minority groups

A

Internal locus of control and external locus of responsibility

108
Q

Lazarus’ theory of emotion

A

A thought must precede any emotion or physiological arousal

109
Q

Exogenous attention

A

The automatic attraction of attention due to the sudden appearance of a stimulus.

Is a bottom up process controlled by external stimulus presentation

110
Q

First non-pathologizing model of homosexual identity

A

Cass

111
Q

Significant predictors of HIV progression and prognosis associated with more rapid progression

A

1) Older age
2) lower IQ
3) presence of somatic symptoms of depression

112
Q

Autocorrelation

A

The correlation between measurements of the DV when the DV is repeatedly administered to the same subjects

113
Q

Privileged communication

A

The legal term which refers to a patient’s right to refuse to have information, disclosed in psychotherapy, released in legal proceedings

114
Q

Item Discrimination

A

The degree to which items discriminate among examinee’s

115
Q

Lewin’s model of organization change includes what stages

A

1) Unfreezing
2) Changing
3) Refreezing

116
Q

Cue deflation

A

When the extinction of a response to one cue leads to an increased reaction to the other conditional stimulus

117
Q

Akinesia

A

Appears to be slow moving, indifferent to stimuli, emotionally constricted

118
Q

Diencephalon

A

Comprised of the thalamus and hypothalamus. Located between the 2 hemispheres of the brain.

Contains important connections and relays for sensory, motor, and limbic pathways

119
Q

Extrapyramidal syndrome

A

1) Parkinsonism
2) Acute dystonia
3) Dyskinesia
4) Akathisia

120
Q

Brand and type: phenelzine

A

Nardil, MAOI

121
Q

Basal ganglia contains:

A

1) Caudate nucleus
2) Putamen
3) globus pallidus

122
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Uses information easily remembered or observed and solutions are based on the most recent information that can be brought to mind.

123
Q

Percentage of people who Panic disorder who also have agoraphobia

A

1/3 to 1/2

124
Q

Brand and type: atomexetine

A

Strattera, non stimulant NRI

125
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

Making judgments only on the obvious characteristics of the problem and not requiring any additional information to solve the problem based on the initial facts

126
Q

Beck’s cognitive theory around the origin and maintenance of depression

A
  • Dysfunctional schemas are activated by particular environmental events. They will lie dormant if not activated.
  • Early childhood experiences place a role in the development of depression
127
Q

Rational-economic model versus administrative model of decision making

A

Rational-economic model deals with how decisions SHOULD be made

Administrative model deals with how decisions ARE ACTUALLY made

128
Q

Gender differences for OCD

A

Earlier peak for males
Males - Peak onset is 6-15
Females - Peak onset is 20-29
In adulthood, the incidence rate is the same for both genders

129
Q

Relationship between reliability and validity

A

For a test to have high validity, it must be reliable

For a test to have high reliability, it does not necessarily have to be valid

130
Q

Best initial strategy for teaching motor skill that requires speed and accuracy

A

Initially emphasize speed of performance

131
Q

How do you calculate a measure of shared variability with factor loading

A

the factor loading is squared

132
Q

What is the hippocampus responsible for in terms of memory

A

Memory consolidation

133
Q

Readiness to take action according to the Health Belief Model depends on:

A

The degree to which the person feels vulnerable

134
Q

Severity and scores for Beck Depression Inventory

A

0-13 - Minimal
14-19 - Mild
20-28 - Moderate
29+ - Severe

135
Q

What is the focus of reality therapy

A

An individual’s present issues and problems

136
Q

Calibration

A

The attempt to increase reliability by increasing homogeneity of ratings through feedback to the rater, when multiple racers are used

137
Q

Potentiation

A

When the salient CS enhances the conditioning of a less salient CS

138
Q

When is goal attainment maximized for Locke’s goal setting theory

A

When goals are specific, moderately difficult, and when frequent feedback about progress if provided

139
Q

Cluster headache

A

Severe pain usually behind one eye and typically last for a few minutes to several hours and reoccur the same time each day for several weeks

140
Q

Cognitive triad of depressive cognitions

A

Negative beliefs about the self, future, and the world

141
Q

Alloplastic

A

Changing or adapting to the environment by effecting changes in the environment

142
Q

Scoring high on the “belief in a just world” scale indicates

A

They tend to blame the victim for crimes, out of a need to believe that bad crimes should not occur to good people.

143
Q

Test unfairness defined as either:

A

Measurement bias or predictive bias

144
Q

Means-end analysis

A

Divides a problem into a series of subproblems, with solutions to subproblems then leading to a solution to the entire problem.

145
Q

Brand and type: pemoline

A

Cylert, stimulant

146
Q

Autoplastic

A

Changing or adapting the environment by altering one’s own behaviors or responses

147
Q

To take action according to the Health Belief Model what is necessary

A

A cue to take action, such as a symptom or environmental occurrence that brings information about the condition to the person’s attention

148
Q

Steps of stress inoculation training

A

1) Education
2) Rehearsal
3) Real-life application

149
Q

Hemiplegia

A

Total paralysis of the leg, arm, and trunk on the same side of the body

150
Q

Estimate of children with ADHD who also have tics or Tourette’s

A

7%

151
Q

Brand and type: Divalproex

A

Depakote, anti seizure medication

152
Q

Brain areas associated with declarative memory

A

1) Hippocampus
2) temporal cortex
3) Diencephalon
4) Peripheral cortex
5) Amygdala
6) Neocortex

153
Q

Dysarthia

A

Imperfect articulation of speech

154
Q

Brand and type: amphetamine

A

Adderall, stimulant

155
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Tendency to seek and interpret information the confirms one’s preconceptions and avoid information that does not confirm them.

156
Q

Canonical correlation

A

When there are 2 or more predictor variables and two or more criterion variables

157
Q

Predictive factor for outcome amongst adult substance abusers

A

1) Severity of substance abuse problems
2) Motivation
3) Coping skills at baseline

157
Q

Terminal drop

A

In the month’s before death, a substantial drop in all facets of intelligence occurs.

157
Q

Prenatal stages

A

1) Germinal
2) Embyonic
3) Fetal

157
Q

Germinal stage

A

Takes place in the first 2 weeks following conception

157
Q

What does the striatum control

A

Various muscular activities such as walking and balance.

157
Q

What tests are used to measure blood flow in the brain using radioactive isotopes

A

1) SPECT

2) PET

157
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Reasoning from a particular fact to a general rule

157
Q

Social identity in social identity theory

A

The aspects of self esteem based on group memberships

Is enhanced by believing one’s own group is attractive and belittling the members of the other group.

157
Q

expressive jargon

A

Baby vocalizes sounds that resemble sentences but have no meaning

157
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

Baby uses at least 2 worlds to form a sentence

157
Q

Berne’s script

A

A person’s life plan

157
Q

What does the limbic system control

A

Motivated and emotional behaviors such as eating, drinking,sexual behavior, and aggression

157
Q

Brand and type: Valproic acid

A

Depakene, anti-seizure medication

157
Q

Central limit theorem

A

The shape of a sampling distribution of means approaches normality as sample size increases

158
Q

Somnambulism

A

Sleep walking

160
Q

Neuroglycopenia

A

A shortage of glucose in the brain, usually due to hypoglycemia, which affects brain functioning and behavior and can cause permanent brain damage if prolonged

161
Q

Meseencephalon

A

Tectum (inferior and superior colliculus)

Tegmentum (substantia nigra)

162
Q

Brand and type: dextroamphetamine

A

Dexedrine, stimulant

167
Q

Locke’s goal setting theory

A

Goals server 2 purposes

1) basis of motivation
2) direct behavior

Final Countdown (14 decks)

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