LATG Ch 12 Immunology Flashcards
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins.
macromolecules on cell surfaces recognized as self
self-recognition
MHC proteins play a major role in immunity and in the recognition of cells and tissues as self or foreign,
antigens
pathogen cell proteins
Nude mouse
No thymus- no tcells
SCID
Lack t and bcells
XID
xlinked immune deficiency- defective bcells
Beige
defective natural killer cells
allograft
A transplant from one individual to another of the same species with a different genotype. (Allo means “other.”)
xenograft
A transplant from one species to a different species. (Xeno means “foreign.”)drugs
isografts
tA graft of tissue that is obtained from a donor genetically identical to the recipient. (Iso means “equal.”)
graft vs. host disease
recognize the graft as foreign and will mount an immune response to reject the transplant.
Primay immuno
First response to antigen- needs time to build anibodies and memory is an innate error of metabolism or an inherited genetic disease. For example, an athymic nude mouse lacks a thymus and therefore lacks T lymphocytes (T cells). There are also inherited diseases in which a certain class of antibody is not synthesized or the cell-mediated response does not work correctly.
What is the first class of immunoglobulins to be synthesized by a fetus or newborn in response to an antigen?
IgM
chronic immune complex diseases
accumulation of antigen-antibody complexes in the bloodstream.
Which component of the innate immune system coats the surface of invading organisms to facilitate their attack by the macrophages
complement proteins
Which cell type is a component of the innate immune system?
phagocytes
cells of the immune system develop into plasma cells
Bcells
antibody-mediated immune response is associated with which kind of cells
Bcells
Which cells are the first to recognize the presence of bacterial antigens and release chemical signals to immune cells in other locations
Phagocytes
What is typical of a secondary (anamnestic) immune response
The serum titer rises to a higher level than during the primary response
dendritic cells
Present anitgets to Th cells
AIDS is an example of which type of disease
secondary immunodef.
The major histocompatibility complex proteins (MHC) are found on the surface of which cells?
Tcells
Macrophages
antigen presenting cells
Athymic mice
Primary immunodef.
interferons
interfere with viral replication, heighten the immune response of surrounding cells, and stimulate the activity of immune cells (such as macrophages).
IgG
The most abundant immunoglobulin in serum; found only in mammals. Only IgG can cross the placenta; in humans and rabbits, it is responsible for protecting the fetus and the newborn animal in the first few weeks of life before the neonate’s own immune system develops. However, in some species such as ungulates, little IgG is transmitted to the fetus in utero. Colostrum (first milk) is rich in IgG, so it is important for newborns of these species to receive colostrum and thus immunity
IgM
The second most abundant type of serum antibodies in mammals; also present in birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. IgM is a large antibody and is mostly confined to the blood. IgM is the first immunoglobulin class to be synthesized by a fetus or newborn and the first antibody to be detected in response to an initial exposure to an antigen.
IgA
The predominant type of antibodies found in mammalian body secretions (bile, tears, saliva, colostrum) and in the fluids which bathe the mucous membranes of the intestines, lungs, and urinary tract. IgA is resistant to digestion and attacks pathogens that contact the body surface, are ingested, or are inhaled.
IgE
Found on the cell membranes of basophils and mast cells in mammals. Although IgE is typically found in low concentration, it triggers the most powerful immune reactions and is associated with immediate hypersensitivity reactions such as allergic reactions and asthma. Levels of IgE increase during parasitic infections.
IgD
IgD is almost exclusively found in the membranes of B cells, where it may have a role in these cells’ activation. However, mice lacking IgD seem to retain normal immune responses.
IgY
A class of antibody occurring in birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. It is equivalent to IgG in mammals. Egg yolk is rich in IgY; thus, chicken eggs are a common source of antibody used in immunological studies.
Secondary immunodeficiency disease
is an acquired condition—a consequence of infectious diseases, cancer, aging, poor nutrition, or drug therapy with corticosteroids, anticancer drugs, and certain antibiotics, for example.
