Ch 8 Biochem/nutrition Flashcards
Biochem
Carbohydrates
energy source like cellulose (supportive structure in plants)
Monosaccharides
simple sugars; building blocks of other carbohydrates- glucose; fructose’ galactose; ribose
FRUGLURI
Disaccharides
2 Monosaccharides (sugars)- maltose; sucrose; lactose
SMALA
oligosaccharides
3-10 monos linked-
polysaccharides
hundreds mono combined to form large compound- can be bound to proteins or lipids (grains) starch and glycogen
Glucose
Dextrose; converted to glycogen energy storage
glycoproteins
compound of carbohydraes and proteins
glycolipids
oligosaccharide attached to lipid
starch and glycogen
polysaccharides; amylose is starch in plants; digestible and hydrolyzed into simple sugars
cellulose
a polysaccharide used by plants as their structural material (starch)
Blood types are characterized by the carbohydrate portions of _______ on the surface of cells and the carbohydrate portion of serum _______.
glycolipids, glycoproteins
Lipids
(fats, oils, and waxes) insoluble in water but soluble in some organic solvents; such as fatty acids, phospholipids, and steroids;plasma membrane and form a sheath called myelin around many nerves..
Hydrocarbons
Long lipid chains carbon/hydrogen;
Glycerides
Mono, di and triglycerides
nonglycerides
steroids; cholesterol
complex lipids
lipoproteins and glycolipids
fatty acids
organic acids consisting of hydrocarbon chains either saturated or nonsaturated
saturated fatty acid
all carbons are bonged to 2 hydrogen’s and carbons at one end is methyl group CH3 and other end carbon is bonded to O and a hydroxyl group -OH > known as a carboxyl (-COOH) stearic acid
monosaturated
If the chain contains one double bond, it is called monounsaturated.
unsaturated
the carbons attached to the double bond have one less hydrogen, thus a total of one hydrogen each; animal fats contain 60% unsat. fatty acids
polyunsaturated
there are multiple double bonds between carbons- Linoleic acid
linoliec and linolenic acid
essential fatty acids
skin and coat problems
abnormal metabolism of fatty acids
triglycerides
glycerol and three fatty acids; main constituents of animal fats (butter, red meat); help solubilize fatty acids so they can be carried in blood and distributed; insoluble in blood
cholesterol
part of group of lipids called steroids- measure lipid metabolism- insoluble in blood
Lipoprotein
triglycerides and cholesterol attached to proteins; transport trigly. and chol. from intestines to other tissues; can transport internally synthesized tri and chol. between tissues or to liver. low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), transport cholesterol in the bloodstream
bile
emulsifies lipids to be absorbed
A complex lipid that includes a carbohydrate portion is a
glycolipid
Blood plasma that appears cloudy may be an indication of which condition or disease state
lipemia
Proteins
make up fibers in muscle; coating in viruses; keratin and collagen examples
Enzymes
chemical reactions; lipase (example) digest fats; proteases digest proteins;
Regulatory proteins
control gene expression; inflammatory response; replication
transport proteins
membrane proteins
amylase
Digests starches and polysaccharides
amino acids
building blocks of proteins,
peptides
chains of amino acids
polypeptides
longer chains of amino acids
essential amino acids
cannot be produced by the body.
Taurine
specific to cats and ferrets
vitamins
serve as chemical partners to enzymes in a variety of cellular reactions
water soluble
vitamin B and C
lipid soluble
vitamins A, D, E, and K
synthesized by body
D, K, and the B vitamin biotin
microminerals
calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), chlorine (Cl), and sulfur (S).
microminerals
calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), chlorine (Cl), and sulfur (S).
Fiber
cellulose and hemicellulose
Which micromineral is an important component of Vitamin B12?
cobalt
The deficiency of which essential micromineral results in anemia and fatty degeneration of the liver
cobalt
Fixed formulation
combination of ingredients is fixed such that every batch of formula made will have the exact same level of each ingredient as the previous lot
managed formulation
accounts for this natural ingredient variation by allowing small differences in ingredient inclusion from one batch of diet to another. The goal of a managed formulation is to maintain the same level of nutrition (protein, fat, etc.) over time
The roles of cell-to-cell communication and self-recognition by the immune system are fulfilled by:
glycoproteins
Which carbohydrate consists of two glucose units bound together?
maltose
Mono and disaccharides
Sugars
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates and starches- can be bound to proteins for cell components.
