Lab Practical Flashcards
the probability of two or more independent events occurring simultaneously = ___
the product of their individual probabilities
if two coins are tossed together, the chance that each will be heads is ___. the chance that both will be heads is ___. the chance for the first coin to fall heads and the second tails is ___. the total probability of obtaining a head on one and tails on the other is ___.
1/2
1/4
1/4
1/4+1/4=1/2
when Aa produces gametes, the probability is that ___ of the gametes will contain the A allele and ___ will contain a. when Aa x Aa, the probability is ___ that an A egg and A sperm come together to produce AA. probability is ___ for Aa and ___ for aa.
1/2
1/2
1/4
1/2
1/4
if four babies are born in a given hospital on the same day, what is the probability that all four will be boys?
1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/16
what is the probability that three will be boys and one will be a girl?
1/16 + 1/16 + 1/16 + 1/16 = 1/4
what is the probability that two will be boys and two will be girls
6(1/16) = 3/8
what combination of boys and girls among the four babies is most likely to occur?
two boys and two girls
what is the probability that a fifth child will be a boy? girl?
1/32
1/32
the probability of either one or the other mutually exclusive events occurring = ___
the sum of their individual probabilities
the study of chromosome morphology, structure, pathology, function, and behavior
cytogenetics
an individuals collection of chromosomes
karyotype
karyotypes are used to look for ___
abnormal chromosome structure or number
technique for detecting and locating a specific DNA sequence on a chromosome
fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)
FISH relies on exposing chromosomes to a small DNA sequence called a ___ that has a ___ molecule attached to it
probe
fluorescent
what is the image of a chromosome set called
karyotype
T/F: FISH is a form of hybridization
true
T/F: karyotyping involves growing cells prior to their analysis
true
effectively inactivating ___ and preventing them from ___ is a key early step in the DNA purification process
endogenous nucleases (DNase enzymes)
digesting the genomic DNA
four things DNA purification methods must accomplish
- effectively disrupt cells or tissues
- denature proteins and nucleoprotein complexes
- inactivate endogenous nucleases
- purify nucleic acid target away from other nucleic acids and proteins
most purification methods disrupt cells using lysis buffer containing ___, ___, and ___
detergent, denaturants, and additional enzymes
disrupt the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane in DNA purification
detergents
release chromosomal DNA and denature proteins in DNA purification
denaturants
four overall steps of DNA purification
- collect cells
- break open (lyse) cells
- remove proteins
- condense the DNA
to break open the cells, ____ is used to dissolve the membranes in a solution called the ___
detergents
lysis buffer