Chapter Eight: Using Mutations to Study Genes

Question 1

reveals whether two mutations are in a single gene or different genes

Answer 1

complementation testing

Question 2

used phage T4 to test if recombination takes place between different mutations in the same gene

Answer 2

Seymour Benzer

Question 3

sites within a gene that mutate more often than others

Answer 3

mutation hotspots

Question 4

mutation hotspots suggest that some nucleotides are ___ than others

Answer 4

more susceptible to mutations

Question 5

used bread mold to study the relationship between genes and enzymes

Answer 5

Bealde and Tatum

Question 6

wild-type strain that grows in minimal media without nutritional supplements

Answer 6

phototroph

Question 7

mutant strain that cannot grow in minimal media, requires supplementation

Answer 7

auxotroph

Question 8

three components of a complete amino acid

Answer 8

1. carboxylic acid (-COOH)
2. R group connector (-CHR)
3. amino group (-NH2)

Question 9

side chain unique to each amino acid

Answer 9

R group

Question 10

R group determines ___ of protein

Answer 10

chemical properties

Question 11

amino acids are linked by ___ between ___ and ___

Answer 11

peptide bonds
carboxylic acid and amino group

Question 12

complete polypeptides have distinct ends called ___ and ___

Answer 12

N terminus (free amino group)
C terminus (free carboxylic acid)

Question 13

glycine

Answer 13

G

Question 14

alanine

Answer 14

A

Question 15

valine

Answer 15

V

Question 16

leucine

Answer 16

L

Question 17

isoleucine

Answer 17

I

Question 18

proline

Answer 18

P

Question 19

phenylalanine

Answer 19

F

Question 20

tryptophan

Answer 20

W

Question 21

methionine

Answer 21

M

Question 22

serine

Answer 22

S

Question 23

threonine

Answer 23

T

Question 24

cysteine

Answer 24

C

Question 25

tyrosine

Answer 25

Y

Question 26

asparagine

Answer 26

N

Question 27

glutamine

Answer 27

Q

Question 28

lysine

Answer 28

K

Question 29

arginine

Answer 29

R

Question 30

histidine

Answer 30

H

Question 31

aspartic acid

Answer 31

D

Question 32

glutamic acid

Answer 32

E

Question 33

selenocysteine

Answer 33

U

Question 34

pyrrolysine

Answer 34

O

Question 35

amino acids with uncharged polar R groups

Answer 35

serine (S), threonine (T), cysteine (C), tyrosine (Y), asparagine (N), glutamine (Q) "n****s quack cause they yell softly"

Question 36

amino acids with basic R groups

Answer 36

lysine (K), arginine (R), histidine (H) "kill rich hoes"

Question 37

amino acids with acidic R groups

Answer 37

aspartic acid (D), glutamic acid (E) "dick everyday"

Question 38

amino acids with non polar R groups

Answer 38

glycine (G), alanine (A), valine (V), leucine (L), isoleucine (I), proline (P), phenylalanine (F), tryptophan (W), methionine (M)

Question 39

genetic alteration substituting one amino acid for another

Answer 39

missense mutation

Question 40

what mutation causes sickle cell disease

Answer 40

glu --> val substitution (V256D)

Question 41

structure level of the amino acid sequence

Answer 41

primary

Question 42

the characteristic geometry of localized regions

Answer 42

secondary structure

Question 43

secondary structure has ___ or ___ geometry

Answer 43

alpha helix or beta pleated sheets

Question 44

___ interactions cause secondary structure

Answer 44

backbone

Question 45

the completed three-dimensional arrangement of a polypeptide

Answer 45

tertiary structure

Question 46

___ interactions cause tertiary structure

Answer 46

R group

Question 47

quaternary structure results in ___

Answer 47

multimeric proteins

Question 48

multimeric proteins are complexes of ___

Answer 48

polypeptide subunits

Question 49

one gene, one enzyme concept is not ___, one gene, one ___ is more accurate

Answer 49

broad enough polypeptide