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Genetics > Chapter Three: Chromosomes > Flashcards

Chapter Three: Chromosomes Flashcards

1
Q

the first human genetic disorder attributable to an abnormal number of chromosomes rather than a gene mutation

A

down syndrome

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2
Q

chromosomes transmit ___

A

genetic information

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3
Q

the ___ and ___ of genetic material is important for normal development

A

type and amount

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4
Q

genes reside in ___ in the ___

A

chromosomes
nucleus

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5
Q

the first observations of fertilization of nuclei occurred with ___ looking at ___

A

the naked eye
frog and sea urchin eggs and sperm

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6
Q

from observing the fusion of nuclei in frog and sea urchin eggs, scientists concluded that ___

A

something in the nucleus must contain hereditary material

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7
Q

in the 1880s, ___ and ___ were highly improved, and ___ could be visualized in the ___ and followed through ___

A

microscopy
staining techniques
chromosomes
nucleus
cell division

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8
Q

nuclear division that generates two daughter cells containing the same number and type of chromosomes as parent cell

A

mitosis

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9
Q

nuclear division that generates gametes (egg and sperm) containing half the number of chromosomes found in other cells

A

meiosis

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10
Q

body cells are ___and gametes are ___

A

diploid
haploid

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11
Q

diploid human cells have ___ chromosomes

A

46

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12
Q

haploid human cells have ___ chromosomes

A

23

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13
Q

the union of haploid gametes to produce diploid zygotes

A

fertilization

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14
Q

for each pair of chromosomes, zygotes have one from ___ and one from ___

A

mom
dad

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15
Q

how many cells are in an average adult human

A

100 trillion

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16
Q

to get from 1 to 100 trillion cells, ___ rounds of cell division are needed

A

60

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17
Q

metaphase chromosomes can be classified by ___, ___, and ___

A

size, banding pattern, and centromere position

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18
Q

location where sister chromatids are attached

A

centromere

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19
Q

centromere is in the middle of sister chromatids

A

metacentric chromosome

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20
Q

centromere is near one end of sister chromatids

A

Afrocentric chromosome

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21
Q

centromere is at the end of sister chromatids

A

telocentric chromosome

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22
Q

identical copies of a replicated chromosome

A

sister chromatids

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23
Q

chromosomes that contain the same set of genes, but can have different alleles for some genes

A

homologs/homologous chromosomes

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24
Q

chromosomes that carry completely unrelated sets of genes

A

nonhomologs/nonhmologous chromosomes

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25
there are about ___ genes in the human genome, and about ___ genes per chromosome
20,000 1,000
26
___ of human DNA codes for something
1.5%
27
micrograph of stained chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs
karyotype
28
homologous chromosomes have the same ___, ___, and ___
size, shape (centromere location), and banding
29
the study of genetic anomalies
cytogenetics
30
every species has a characteristic number of ___
chromosomes
31
all chromosomes except X and Y
autosomes
32
unpaired X and Y
sex chromosomes
33
chromosomes are made of ___, ___, and ___
DNA, histone protein, and non-histone protein
34
a long thread primarily made of DNA with some protein scaffolding, what chromosomes usually exist as
chromatin
35
chromatin only duplicated and condenses into visible chromosomes when ___
cell division is about to occur
36
duplicated chromosomes (chromatids) are joined at the ___
centromere
37
a repeating pattern of cell growth and division
cell cycle
38
passes of the cell cycle
G1 S G2 mitosis cytokinesis
39
period of cell growth and chromosome duplication between divisions
interphase
40
microtubule organizing center near the nuclear envelope
centrosome
41
centrosome is also called the ___
"MTOC" (microtubule organizing center)
42
___ come from the centrosome
microtubules / spindle fibers
43
the centrosome divides to form ___
two centrioles
44
most of cell growth occurs during ___ and ___
G1 and G2
45
some terminally differentiated cells stop dividing and arrest in ___ stage
G0
46
___ and ___ stop in G0
mature neurons muscle cells
47
chromosomes replicate to form sister chromatids during ___
S phase
48
which phase do most defects happen that cause cancers
G1
49
when do chromosomes form from chromatin
end of G2, right before mitosis
50
3 steps in prophase
1. chromosomes condense and become visible 2. centrosomes move apart toward opposite poles 3. nucleoli begin to disappear
51
2 steps of prometaphase
1. nuclear envelope breaks down 2. spindle forms and sister chromatids attach to microtubules from opposite centrosomes
52
2 steps of metaphase
1. chromosomes align on the metaphase plate with sister chromatids facing opposite poles 2. forces pushing and pulling chromosomes to or from each pole are in balanced equilibrium keeping chromosomes in place
53
2 steps of anaphase
1. centromeres of all chromosomes split simultaneously 2. kinetochore microtubules shorten and pull separate sister chromatids to opposite poles
54
4 steps of telophase
1. nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromatids 2. nucleoli re-form 3. spindle fibers disappear 4. chromosomes uncoil and reform as chromatin
55
three kinds of microtubules and their functions
1. astral = anchor to cell membrane 2. kinetochore = push against chromosome 3. polar = pull chromosome toward centrosome
56
cytokinesis begins during ___ but is not completed until after ___
anaphase telophase
57
cytokinesis
cytoplasm of parent cell split into two daughter cells with identical nuclei
58
in animal cytokinesis, a ___ contracts to form ___
contractile ring cleavage furrow
59
in plant cytokinesis, a ___ forms near the equator of the cell
cell plate
60
in all cytokinesis, ___ are distributed to each daughter cell
organelles
61
does cytokinesis always occur after mitosis?
NO
62
a cell with multiple nuclei
syncytium
63
a syncytium is a result of ___
cytokinesis not occurring
64
there are ___ in the cell cycle that have to occur before the cell moves on to the next stage
checkpoints
65
make up the vast majority of cells in an organism
somatic cells
66
somatic cells are either in stage ___ or ___
G0 actively going through the cell cycle
67
precursors to gametes
germ cells
68
germ cells are set aside during ___
embryogenesis
69
germ cells become incorporated into ___
reproducing organs
70
only cells that undergo meiosis to produce haploid gametes
germ cells
71
meiosis has ___ of cell division
two rounds
72
in meiosis, chromosomes duplicate ___ and nuclei divide ___
once twice
73
meiosis one reduces chromosomes from ___ to ___
2n n
74
meiosis two produces ___
four haploid nuclei
75
meiosis one separates ___, meiosis two separates ___
chromosomes sister chromatids
76
in meiosis one, homologs ___, ___ and then ___
pair, cross over, segregate
77
___ remain intact through meiosis one
sister chromatids
78
in meiosis one, maternal and paternal homologs ___ and create new combinations of alleles
recombine
79
homologous chromosomes pair together in prophase one and are held together by ___
synaptonemal complex
80
crossing over occurs during ___ resulting in ___ of genetic material
prophase one recombination
81
the outer chromatids of homologous pairs are ___ and the inner chromatids are ___
parental recombinant
82
after recombination, the synaptonemal complex ___ and chromatids in each ___ become visible
dissolve tetrad
83
in metaphase one and anaphase one, ___ are separated
homologs
84
in metaphase one and anaphase one, ___ do not divide and ___ do not separate
centromeres sister chromatids
85
meiosis one is a ___ division
reductional
86
phase after meiosis one in which no chromosomal duplication takes place
interkinesis
87
during meiosis two, ___ separate
sister chromatids
88
in meiosis two, haploid nuclei progress through a process similar to ___ to create ___
mitosis four haploid daughter cells
89
meiosis two is an ___ division
equational
90
four haploid cells that result from meiosis two each have unique ___
genomes
91
homologs of a chromosome pair do not separate during meiosis one
nondisjunction
92
nondisjunction may result in ___ or ___
inviable gametes or embryos abnormal chromosome numbers in viable individuals
93
independent assortment of nonhomologs creates different combinations of alleles in ___
gametes
94
crossing-over between homologs creates different combinations of alleles in ___
each chromosome
95
two ways meiosis contributes to genetic diversity
independent assortment of nonhomologs crossing-over between homologs
96
in 1903, ___ determined that chromosomes carry Mendel's units of heredity
Walter Sutton
97
does the movement of chromosomes prove or disprove Mendel's laws
proves

Genetics (24 decks)

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