Chapter Four: Sex Chromosomes Flashcards
Walter sutton studied meiosis in ___
grasshoppers
cells in the testes that will eventually go through meiosis to become sperm are maintained by ___
mitosis
two types of sperm formed after meiosis
half have X and have have Y
type of ehh formed after meiosis
all have X
does an XX chromosome always indicate a female for every animal
no
what did Sutton conclude about X and Y chromosomes
they are sex chromosomes that determine sex
children receive a ___ chromosome from their mother and a ___ chromosome from their father
X
X or Y
there is approximately a ___ ratio of females:males
1:1
the primary determinant of maleness is a single gene called ___
SRY (sex determining region of Y)
___ helped provide evidence implicating that the SRY gene determines male gender
sex reversal (XX males and XY females)
SRY is ___ in XX males
SRY is ___ in XY females
present
nonfunctional
human sex chromosomes also contain genes that are ___
unrelated to sex
the end regions of sex chromosomes that contain genes which enable sex chromosomes to pair during meiosis one
pseudoautosomal regions (PARs)
in Drosophila (flies), the ___ determines gender
ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes, number of sex chromosomes
in humans, the ___ determines gender
presence or absence of a Y chromosome
why can humans tolerate extra X chromosomes
extra X chromosomes become nonfunctional in an XX female anyway, so the extra X chromosomes also become nonfunctional; may cause some issues but the individual is still viable
what is the nonfunctional X chromosome called
Barr body
complete absence of an X chromosome is ___ for humans and flies
deadly
effect of additional Y chromosomes in humans or flies
has little effect
the Y chromosome in flies does not determine ___, but it is necessary for ___. an XO male is ___
maleness
male fertility
sterile
sex with two different kinds of gametes (XY)
heterogametic
sex with one type of gamete (XX)
homogametic
in some species (lizards and turtles), sex is determined by ___, specifically ___
environment
temperature
specialized diploid cells set aside during embryogenesis that will eventually form gametes
germ line
gamete formation
gametogenesis
in humans, oogenesis produces ___ from each ___
one ovum
primary oocyte
in humans, spermatogenesis produces ___ from each ___
four sperm
primary spermatocyte
diploid germ cells in ovaries of female embryos
oogonia
oogonia divide via ___ to become ___ and arrest in prophase one before entering meiosis one
mitosis
primary oocytes