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Genetics > Chapter Six: DNA Structure, Replication, and Recombination > Flashcards

Chapter Six: DNA Structure, Replication, and Recombination Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

studied white blood cells in pus from wound bandages

A

Meischer

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2
Q

Meischer isolated ___

A

nuclein

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3
Q

studied streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Griffith

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4
Q

s. pneumoniae has two forms ___ and ___

A

rough and smooth

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5
Q

when mice are injected with smooth, ___. when they are injected with smooth that has mutated to rough ___. when smooth is heated up and injected, ___. when smooth is heated up and injected with rough, ___.

A

they died
they live
they live
they died

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6
Q

___ could be recovered from tissue of mice that died from heated up smooth bacteria

A

living smooth

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7
Q

the ability of a substance to change the genetic characteristic of an organism

A

transformation

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8
Q

studied and discovered the transforming principle

A

Avery

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9
Q

Avery found the transforming principle to be ___

A

nucleic acids (DNA)

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10
Q

studied and discovered base ratios

A

Chargaff

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11
Q

sugar and a base

A

nucleoside

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12
Q

sugar, base, phosphate group

A

nucleotide

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13
Q

studied bacteriophages and performed the blender experiment

A

Hershey and Chase

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14
Q

three other facts that point to DNA as the transforming principle

A
  1. the amount of DNA is constant within organisms but different between species
  2. haploid cells have half the DNA as diploid cells
  3. DNA is metabolically stable
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15
Q

performed X-ray diffraction to show a helix structure of DNA

A

Franklin and Wilkins

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16
Q

took base rations and picture to deduce DNA helices structure

A

Watson and Crick

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17
Q

bases are connected by ___

A

hydrogen bonds

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18
Q

A-T with ___ hydrogen bonds, G-C with ___ hydrogen bonds

A

two
three

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19
Q

there are ___ angstroms between every nucleotide

A

3.4

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20
Q

there are ___ angstroms and ___ nucleotides in one complete turn

A

34
10

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21
Q

DNA is ___ angstroms wide

A

20

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22
Q

when two pyrimidines pair instead of pairing with a purine

A

DNA bulge

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23
Q

can break hydrogen bonds with ___, takes more heat to break them between ___

A

heat
G-C

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24
Q

strands of DNA are held together with ___

A

covalent bonds

25
Q

in a human genome:
___ base pairs
___ strands of DNA
___ feet long
typical cell is about ___nm

A

3.2 billion
46
6
10

26
Q

sequences over and over

A

tandem repeats

27
Q

multigene families, low copy number

A

dispersed repeats

28
Q

___ are an example of dispersed repeats

A

short interspersed nuclear elements (SINES)

29
Q

heritable change in a sequence of bases

A

mutation

30
Q

genomic analysis on patients to determine effects of a drug

A

personalized medicine

31
Q

most genetic information is read from ___, some is accessible within ___

A

unwound DNA
double-stranded DNA

32
Q

___ can access DNA when it is double-stranded

A

DNA-binding proteins that regulate gene expression

33
Q

RNAs 3 major differences from DNA

A
  1. single stranded (most of the time)
  2. ribose instead of deoxyribose
  3. uracil instead of thymine
34
Q

strands of DNA separate and each strand is copied

A

semiconservative replication

35
Q

F1 of semiconservative ___
F2 of semiconservative ___

A

one old strand with each new strand

two hybrid strands, two strands completely new

36
Q

prokaryotes are ___ and ___ than eukaryotes

A

simpler and more prone to error

37
Q

gene where DNA replication starts

A

oriC

38
Q

gene/protein that breaks hydrogen bonds between bases to separate strands of DNA

A

dnaB/helicase

39
Q

gene/protein that seals Okazaki fragments

A

lig/ligase

40
Q

gene where replication ends

A

ter (terminator)

41
Q

dNTP stands for ___

A

deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates

42
Q

why are triphosphates required for DNA replication

A

taking off two phosphates gives every needed to bind the sugar and phosphate together

43
Q

enzyme that cuts one or both strands of DNA to relax the superhelix

A

topoisomerase

44
Q

when DNA is coiled tight into a superhelix

A

topological isomer

45
Q

lays down most of DNA in bacteria

A

DNA polymerase III

46
Q

three requirements for DNA polymerase action

A
  1. four dNTPs
  2. single stranded template
  3. primer with exposed 3’ hydroxyl
47
Q

three ways to ensure fidelity of DNA information

A
  1. redundancy
  2. precision of cellular replication machinery
  3. DNA repair enzymes
48
Q

redundancy means that ___

A

either strand of double helix can specify the sequence of the other strand

49
Q

___ and ___ have proofreading ability

A

DNA polymerase I and DNA polymerase III

50
Q

___ and ___ can cut out mistakes in DNA

A

exonucleases and endonucleases

51
Q

DNA synthesis goes in a ___ direction

A

5’ to 3’

52
Q

template and newly synthesized strands are ___ to each other

A

antiparallel

53
Q

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the ___ of the new strand

A

3’ OH

54
Q

how can DNA replication be more efficient

A

DNA is flexible, can loop around the lagging strand so that everything goes in one direction

55
Q

two events that give rise to new combinations of alleles

A

independent assortment and crossing over

56
Q

independent assortment creates new allele combinations for ___; crossing over creates new allele combinations for ___

A

unlinked genes
linked genes

57
Q

region of DNA between breakpoints in recombination

A

heteroduplex

58
Q

areas where recombination occurs frequently

A

recombination hotspots

Genetics (24 decks)

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