Chapter Six: DNA Structure, Replication, and Recombination

Question 1

studied white blood cells in pus from wound bandages

Answer 1

Meischer

Question 2

Meischer isolated ___

Answer 2

nuclein

Question 3

studied streptococcus pneumoniae

Answer 3

Griffith

Question 4

s. pneumoniae has two forms ___ and ___

Answer 4

rough and smooth

Question 5

when mice are injected with smooth, ___. when they are injected with smooth that has mutated to rough ___. when smooth is heated up and injected, ___. when smooth is heated up and injected with rough, ___.

Answer 5

they died
they live
they live
they died

Question 6

___ could be recovered from tissue of mice that died from heated up smooth bacteria

Answer 6

living smooth

Question 7

the ability of a substance to change the genetic characteristic of an organism

Answer 7

transformation

Question 8

studied and discovered the transforming principle

Answer 8

Avery

Question 9

Avery found the transforming principle to be ___

Answer 9

nucleic acids (DNA)

Question 10

studied and discovered base ratios

Answer 10

Chargaff

Question 11

sugar and a base

Answer 11

nucleoside

Question 12

sugar, base, phosphate group

Answer 12

nucleotide

Question 13

studied bacteriophages and performed the blender experiment

Answer 13

Hershey and Chase

Question 14

three other facts that point to DNA as the transforming principle

Answer 14

1. the amount of DNA is constant within organisms but different between species
2. haploid cells have half the DNA as diploid cells
3. DNA is metabolically stable

Question 15

performed X-ray diffraction to show a helix structure of DNA

Answer 15

Franklin and Wilkins

Question 16

took base rations and picture to deduce DNA helices structure

Answer 16

Watson and Crick

Question 17

bases are connected by ___

Answer 17

hydrogen bonds

Question 18

A-T with ___ hydrogen bonds, G-C with ___ hydrogen bonds

Answer 18

two
three

Question 19

there are ___ angstroms between every nucleotide

Answer 19

3.4

Question 20

there are ___ angstroms and ___ nucleotides in one complete turn

Answer 20

34
10

Question 21

DNA is ___ angstroms wide

Answer 21

20

Question 22

when two pyrimidines pair instead of pairing with a purine

Answer 22

DNA bulge

Question 23

can break hydrogen bonds with ___, takes more heat to break them between ___

Answer 23

heat
G-C

Question 24

strands of DNA are held together with ___

Answer 24

covalent bonds

Question 25

in a human genome: ___ base pairs ___ strands of DNA ___ feet long typical cell is about ___nm

Answer 25

3.2 billion 46 6 10

Question 26

sequences over and over

Answer 26

tandem repeats

Question 27

multigene families, low copy number

Answer 27

dispersed repeats

Question 28

___ are an example of dispersed repeats

Answer 28

short interspersed nuclear elements (SINES)

Question 29

heritable change in a sequence of bases

Answer 29

mutation

Question 30

genomic analysis on patients to determine effects of a drug

Answer 30

personalized medicine

Question 31

most genetic information is read from ___, some is accessible within ___

Answer 31

unwound DNA double-stranded DNA

Question 32

___ can access DNA when it is double-stranded

Answer 32

DNA-binding proteins that regulate gene expression

Question 33

RNAs 3 major differences from DNA

Answer 33

1. single stranded (most of the time) 2. ribose instead of deoxyribose 3. uracil instead of thymine

Question 34

strands of DNA separate and each strand is copied

Answer 34

semiconservative replication

Question 35

F1 of semiconservative ___ F2 of semiconservative ___

Answer 35

one old strand with each new strand two hybrid strands, two strands completely new

Question 36

prokaryotes are ___ and ___ than eukaryotes

Answer 36

simpler and more prone to error

Question 37

gene where DNA replication starts

Answer 37

oriC

Question 38

gene/protein that breaks hydrogen bonds between bases to separate strands of DNA

Answer 38

dnaB/helicase

Question 39

gene/protein that seals Okazaki fragments

Answer 39

lig/ligase

Question 40

gene where replication ends

Answer 40

ter (terminator)

Question 41

dNTP stands for ___

Answer 41

deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates

Question 42

why are triphosphates required for DNA replication

Answer 42

taking off two phosphates gives every needed to bind the sugar and phosphate together

Question 43

enzyme that cuts one or both strands of DNA to relax the superhelix

Answer 43

topoisomerase

Question 44

when DNA is coiled tight into a superhelix

Answer 44

topological isomer

Question 45

lays down most of DNA in bacteria

Answer 45

DNA polymerase III

Question 46

three requirements for DNA polymerase action

Answer 46

1. four dNTPs 2. single stranded template 3. primer with exposed 3' hydroxyl

Question 47

three ways to ensure fidelity of DNA information

Answer 47

1. redundancy 2. precision of cellular replication machinery 3. DNA repair enzymes

Question 48

redundancy means that ___

Answer 48

either strand of double helix can specify the sequence of the other strand

Question 49

___ and ___ have proofreading ability

Answer 49

DNA polymerase I and DNA polymerase III

Question 50

___ and ___ can cut out mistakes in DNA

Answer 50

exonucleases and endonucleases

Question 51

DNA synthesis goes in a ___ direction

Answer 51

5' to 3'

Question 52

template and newly synthesized strands are ___ to each other

Answer 52

antiparallel

Question 53

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the ___ of the new strand

Answer 53

3' OH

Question 54

how can DNA replication be more efficient

Answer 54

DNA is flexible, can loop around the lagging strand so that everything goes in one direction

Question 55

two events that give rise to new combinations of alleles

Answer 55

independent assortment and crossing over

Question 56

independent assortment creates new allele combinations for ___; crossing over creates new allele combinations for ___

Answer 56

unlinked genes linked genes

Question 57

region of DNA between breakpoints in recombination

Answer 57

heteroduplex

Question 58

areas where recombination occurs frequently

Answer 58

recombination hotspots