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Genetics > Chapter One: Mendel's Principles of Heredity > Flashcards

Chapter One: Mendel's Principles of Heredity Flashcards

1
Q

the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics

A

genetics

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2
Q

Aristotle believed that gender was determined by ____

A

semen and menstrual blood which interacted in the womb to direct early development

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3
Q

Aristotle believed that it was the ___ of semen and menstrual blood which determined gender

A

temperature

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4
Q

Aristotle believed that semen was ___ and menstrual blood was ___

A

hot
cold

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5
Q

assumed that an entire organism was preformed in sperm or egg and only had to unfold and grow

A

preformation theory

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6
Q

inheritance believed to be true before Mendel; believed the averaging out of every characteristic

A

blending inheritance

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7
Q

why is blending inheritance not possible

A

would make natural selection by evolution impossible
doesn’t explain how siblings can be different

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8
Q

theory that states every part of the body emits gemmules which migrate to the gonads and contribute to the fertilized egg

A

pangenesis

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9
Q

___ believed pangenesis

A

Darwin

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10
Q

central dogma of life

A

DNA transcribes RNA
RNA translates protein

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11
Q

stores and replicates biological information

A

DNA

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12
Q

an intermediate in the production of proteins

A

RNA

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13
Q

catalyze biological processes

A

proteins

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14
Q

another name for a gene

A

open reading frame “ORF”

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15
Q

genetics explain the mechanism that determine ____

A

inheritance of traits

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16
Q

genes are the basic units of ___

A

heredity

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17
Q

region of DNA that encodes a protein or RNA

A

gene

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18
Q

how many genes code for a protein

A

about 20,000

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19
Q

the way genes transmit traits from parent to offspring

A

heredity

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20
Q

purposeful control of mating by choice of parents for the next generation; first applied genetic technique

A

artificial selection

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21
Q

four general themes of Mendel’s work

A
  1. variation is widespread in nature an provides for continuously evolving diversity
  2. observable variation is essential for following genes from one generation to another
  3. variation is inherited by genetic laws, which can explain why like begets like and unlike begets unlike
  4. Mendel’s laws apply to all sexually reproducing organisms
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22
Q

6 reasons why Mendel was successful

A
  1. studied pea plants
  2. examined distinct traits
  3. used pure-breeding lines
  4. made reciprocal crosses
  5. worked with large numbers of plants and quantified data
  6. black and white experiment system
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23
Q

what is a reciprocal cross

A

crossing the same two plants but switching the sex; the first cross plant 1 is female and plant 2 is male, the second cross plant 1 is male and plant 2 is female

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24
Q

monohybrid crosses reveal the law of ____

A

segregation

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25
Mendel proposed that each plant carries ___ of a gene
two copies
26
gene coding for a fully functional protein
dominant allele
27
gene coding for a non-functional protein
recessive allele
28
alternative forms/variations of a gene
allele
29
individuals with two different alleles for a single trait
monohybrid
30
there are 64 possible ___ combinations and 20 ___; this means that subtle changes in DNA can cause ____
codon amino acids major changes in traits
31
the law of segregation states that
two alleles for each trait separate during gamete formation
32
alleles then ___ during fertilization
unite at random
33
product rule
the product of two independent events occurring together is the product of their individual probabilities
34
sum rule
probability of either of two mutually exclusive events occurring is the sum of the their individual probabilities
35
observable characteristic
phenotype
36
pair of alleles in an individual
genotype
37
how do you determine the genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype
testcross (crossing the dominant individual with a homozygous recessive)
38
if dominant individual is heterozygous, a testcross will reveal ___
a 1:1 dominant:recessive ratio
39
if dominant individual is homozygous, a testcross will reveal ___
all dominant progeny
40
probability of two events occurring together, use the ___
product rule
41
probability of one or another event occurring, use the ___
sum rule
42
dihybrid crosses reveal the law of ___
independent assortment
43
an individual that is heterozygous for two genes
dihybrid
44
how do you produce a dihybrid
cross one parent that is homozygous dominant for both with a parent that is homozygous recessive for both
45
what is the expected phenotypic ratio of a cross of two dihybrids
9 AB: 3: Ab: 3aB: 1ab
46
the law of independent assortment states that
alleles of genes assort independently and can appear in any combination in offspring
47
three factors that contribute to phenotype
1. genotype 2. actions of other genes and their products 3. environmental influences and random developmental effects
48
how do you find the possible number of gametes
2 to the power of how many genes you're looking at
49
for gene pairs, the possible number of phenotypic classes is ___ and the possible number of genotypic classes is ___
2 to the power of number of gene pairs 3 to the power of number of gene pairs
50
chi squared equation
(observed - expected) squared, then divided by expected
51
the further the chi squared value is from 0, the ____
less accurate the data is
52
how to determine degrees of freedom for chi squared table
number of genes minus one
53
always look at the ___ certainty column on the chi squared table
0.05
54
if chi squared value is more than the value in the table, ____
the variability is due to something other than chance
55
inheritance is ___, not blending
particulate
56
there are ___ of each trait in a germ cell
two copies (alleles)
57
gametes contain ___ of each trait
one copy (allele)
58
alleles segregate ___
randomly
59
alleles are ___ or ___
dominant or recessive
60
different traits assort ____
independently
61
proteins have many functions that are related to their ___
form
62
for pea shape, the dominant allele codes for ___ and the recessive allele codes for ___
starch branching enzyme (Sbe1) nothing
63
because the recessive allele does not code for Sbe1, ____ build up, leading to ___ peas
sucrose and unbranched starch wrinkled
64
for pea color, the dominant allele codes for ___, which functions to ___, and leads to ___ peas
stay green enzyme (Sgr) break down chlorophyll yellow
65
the recessive allele for pea color codes for ___, the pea is ___ because ___
nothing green the chlorophyll is not broken down
66
a specific ___ encodes for a specific ___, whose activity may affect ___
gene enzyme (protein) phenotype
67
many heritable traits in humans are caused by an interaction of ___
multiple genes
68
there are about ___ single-gene traits known in humans
6,000
69
even with single-gene traits, determining inheritance patterns in humans can be tricky. why?
long generation time small numbers of progeny no controlled matings no pure-breeding lines
70
thalassemia inheritance pattern is ___ and caused by a ___
autosomal recessive single gene
71
sickle-cell anemia inheritance pattern is ___ and caused by a ___
autosomal recessive single gene
72
cystic fibrosis inheritance pattern is ___ and is caused by a ___
autosomal recessive single gene
73
tay-sacks disease inheritance pattern is ___ and is caused by a ___
autosomal recessive single gene
74
Huntington disease inheritance pattern is ___ and is caused by a ___
autosomal dominant single gene
75
orderly diagrams of a family's relevant genetic features
pedigrees
76
pedigrees are used to study ___
inheritance in humans
77
a horizontal pattern of inheritance indicates a ___ trait
recessive
78
a vertical pattern of inheritance indicates a ___ trait
dominant
79
with a dominant trait, every affected person has at least ___
one affected parent
80
the abnormal Huntington protein ___, even when the normal protein is also present
damages nerve cells
81
recessive cystic fibrosis allele codes for an abnormal ____
CFTR protein
82
CFTR protein regulates the passage of ___ across the ___
chloride ions cell membrane
83
homozygous recessive CF patients have a build up of ___ inside the ___ and a build up of ___ outside the ___
chloride ions cell membrane mucus cell membrane
84
three key aspects of pedigrees with dominant traits
1. affected children always have at least one affected parent 2. as a result, dominant traits show a vertical pattern of inheritance 3. two affected parents can produce unaffected children, if both parents are heterozygous
85
four key aspects of pedigrees with recessive traits
1. affected individuals can be the children of two unaffected carriers, particularly as a result of consanguineous matings 2. all the children of two affected parents will be affected 3. rare recessive traits show a horizontal pattern of inheritance 4. recessive traits may show a vertical pattern of inheritance if the trait is extremely common in the population

Genetics (24 decks)

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