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Genetics > Chapter One: Mendel's Principles of Heredity > Flashcards

Chapter One: Mendel's Principles of Heredity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics

A

genetics

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2
Q

Aristotle believed that gender was determined by ____

A

semen and menstrual blood which interacted in the womb to direct early development

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3
Q

Aristotle believed that it was the ___ of semen and menstrual blood which determined gender

A

temperature

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4
Q

Aristotle believed that semen was ___ and menstrual blood was ___

A

hot
cold

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5
Q

assumed that an entire organism was preformed in sperm or egg and only had to unfold and grow

A

preformation theory

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6
Q

inheritance believed to be true before Mendel; believed the averaging out of every characteristic

A

blending inheritance

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7
Q

why is blending inheritance not possible

A

would make natural selection by evolution impossible
doesn’t explain how siblings can be different

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8
Q

theory that states every part of the body emits gemmules which migrate to the gonads and contribute to the fertilized egg

A

pangenesis

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9
Q

___ believed pangenesis

A

Darwin

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10
Q

central dogma of life

A

DNA transcribes RNA
RNA translates protein

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11
Q

stores and replicates biological information

A

DNA

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12
Q

an intermediate in the production of proteins

A

RNA

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13
Q

catalyze biological processes

A

proteins

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14
Q

another name for a gene

A

open reading frame “ORF”

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15
Q

genetics explain the mechanism that determine ____

A

inheritance of traits

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16
Q

genes are the basic units of ___

A

heredity

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17
Q

region of DNA that encodes a protein or RNA

A

gene

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18
Q

how many genes code for a protein

A

about 20,000

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19
Q

the way genes transmit traits from parent to offspring

A

heredity

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20
Q

purposeful control of mating by choice of parents for the next generation; first applied genetic technique

A

artificial selection

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21
Q

four general themes of Mendel’s work

A
  1. variation is widespread in nature an provides for continuously evolving diversity
  2. observable variation is essential for following genes from one generation to another
  3. variation is inherited by genetic laws, which can explain why like begets like and unlike begets unlike
  4. Mendel’s laws apply to all sexually reproducing organisms
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22
Q

6 reasons why Mendel was successful

A
  1. studied pea plants
  2. examined distinct traits
  3. used pure-breeding lines
  4. made reciprocal crosses
  5. worked with large numbers of plants and quantified data
  6. black and white experiment system
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23
Q

what is a reciprocal cross

A

crossing the same two plants but switching the sex; the first cross plant 1 is female and plant 2 is male, the second cross plant 1 is male and plant 2 is female

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24
Q

monohybrid crosses reveal the law of ____

A

segregation

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25
Q

Mendel proposed that each plant carries ___ of a gene

A

two copies

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26
Q

gene coding for a fully functional protein

A

dominant allele

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27
Q

gene coding for a non-functional protein

A

recessive allele

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28
Q

alternative forms/variations of a gene

A

allele

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29
Q

individuals with two different alleles for a single trait

A

monohybrid

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30
Q

there are 64 possible ___ combinations and 20 ___; this means that subtle changes in DNA can cause ____

A

codon
amino acids
major changes in traits

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31
Q

the law of segregation states that

A

two alleles for each trait separate during gamete formation

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32
Q

alleles then ___ during fertilization

A

unite at random

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33
Q

product rule

A

the product of two independent events occurring together is the product of their individual probabilities

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34
Q

sum rule

A

probability of either of two mutually exclusive events occurring is the sum of the their individual probabilities

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35
Q

observable characteristic

A

phenotype

36
Q

pair of alleles in an individual

A

genotype

37
Q

how do you determine the genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype

A

testcross (crossing the dominant individual with a homozygous recessive)

38
Q

if dominant individual is heterozygous, a testcross will reveal ___

A

a 1:1 dominant:recessive ratio

39
Q

if dominant individual is homozygous, a testcross will reveal ___

A

all dominant progeny

40
Q

probability of two events occurring together, use the ___

A

product rule

41
Q

probability of one or another event occurring, use the ___

A

sum rule

42
Q

dihybrid crosses reveal the law of ___

A

independent assortment

43
Q

an individual that is heterozygous for two genes

A

dihybrid

44
Q

how do you produce a dihybrid

A

cross one parent that is homozygous dominant for both with a parent that is homozygous recessive for both

45
Q

what is the expected phenotypic ratio of a cross of two dihybrids

A

9 AB: 3: Ab: 3aB: 1ab

46
Q

the law of independent assortment states that

A

alleles of genes assort independently and can appear in any combination in offspring

47
Q

three factors that contribute to phenotype

A
  1. genotype
  2. actions of other genes and their products
  3. environmental influences and random developmental effects
48
Q

how do you find the possible number of gametes

A

2 to the power of how many genes you’re looking at

49
Q

for gene pairs, the possible number of phenotypic classes is ___ and the possible number of genotypic classes is ___

A

2 to the power of number of gene pairs
3 to the power of number of gene pairs

50
Q

chi squared equation

A

(observed - expected) squared, then divided by expected

51
Q

the further the chi squared value is from 0, the ____

A

less accurate the data is

52
Q

how to determine degrees of freedom for chi squared table

A

number of genes minus one

53
Q

always look at the ___ certainty column on the chi squared table

A

0.05

54
Q

if chi squared value is more than the value in the table, ____

A

the variability is due to something other than chance

55
Q

inheritance is ___, not blending

A

particulate

56
Q

there are ___ of each trait in a germ cell

A

two copies (alleles)

57
Q

gametes contain ___ of each trait

A

one copy (allele)

58
Q

alleles segregate ___

A

randomly

59
Q

alleles are ___ or ___

A

dominant or recessive

60
Q

different traits assort ____

A

independently

61
Q

proteins have many functions that are related to their ___

A

form

62
Q

for pea shape, the dominant allele codes for ___ and the recessive allele codes for ___

A

starch branching enzyme (Sbe1)
nothing

63
Q

because the recessive allele does not code for Sbe1, ____ build up, leading to ___ peas

A

sucrose and unbranched starch
wrinkled

64
Q

for pea color, the dominant allele codes for ___, which functions to ___, and leads to ___ peas

A

stay green enzyme (Sgr)
break down chlorophyll
yellow

65
Q

the recessive allele for pea color codes for ___, the pea is ___ because ___

A

nothing
green
the chlorophyll is not broken down

66
Q

a specific ___ encodes for a specific ___, whose activity may affect ___

A

gene
enzyme (protein)
phenotype

67
Q

many heritable traits in humans are caused by an interaction of ___

A

multiple genes

68
Q

there are about ___ single-gene traits known in humans

A

6,000

69
Q

even with single-gene traits, determining inheritance patterns in humans can be tricky. why?

A

long generation time
small numbers of progeny
no controlled matings
no pure-breeding lines

70
Q

thalassemia inheritance pattern is ___ and caused by a ___

A

autosomal recessive
single gene

71
Q

sickle-cell anemia inheritance pattern is ___ and caused by a ___

A

autosomal recessive
single gene

72
Q

cystic fibrosis inheritance pattern is ___ and is caused by a ___

A

autosomal recessive
single gene

73
Q

tay-sacks disease inheritance pattern is ___ and is caused by a ___

A

autosomal recessive
single gene

74
Q

Huntington disease inheritance pattern is ___ and is caused by a ___

A

autosomal dominant
single gene

75
Q

orderly diagrams of a family’s relevant genetic features

A

pedigrees

76
Q

pedigrees are used to study ___

A

inheritance in humans

77
Q

a horizontal pattern of inheritance indicates a ___ trait

A

recessive

78
Q

a vertical pattern of inheritance indicates a ___ trait

A

dominant

79
Q

with a dominant trait, every affected person has at least ___

A

one affected parent

80
Q

the abnormal Huntington protein ___, even when the normal protein is also present

A

damages nerve cells

81
Q

recessive cystic fibrosis allele codes for an abnormal ____

A

CFTR protein

82
Q

CFTR protein regulates the passage of ___ across the ___

A

chloride ions
cell membrane

83
Q

homozygous recessive CF patients have a build up of ___ inside the ___ and a build up of ___ outside the ___

A

chloride ions
cell membrane
mucus
cell membrane

84
Q

three key aspects of pedigrees with dominant traits

A
  1. affected children always have at least one affected parent
  2. as a result, dominant traits show a vertical pattern of inheritance
  3. two affected parents can produce unaffected children, if both parents are heterozygous
85
Q

four key aspects of pedigrees with recessive traits

A
  1. affected individuals can be the children of two unaffected carriers, particularly as a result of consanguineous matings
  2. all the children of two affected parents will be affected
  3. rare recessive traits show a horizontal pattern of inheritance
  4. recessive traits may show a vertical pattern of inheritance if the trait is extremely common in the population

Genetics (24 decks)

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