Exam Three Online Part Two Flashcards
select the order in which the following steps should be performed to express a eukaryotic protein in bacterial cells
1- identify a cDNA clone of the gene that encodes the protein
2- transform bacterial cells with the plasmid
3- insert the cDNA downstream of the lac control region in a plasmid
4- break open the bacterial cells and purify the eukaryotic protein
5- grow the bacterial cells to high density
3,2,1,5,4
RNA-seq refers to a type of study in which cDNA is sequenced to determine the transcriptome for a particular cell type of an organism
true/false
true
tryptophan controls its own synthesis by binding:
the trp operator
the trp promoter
trp genes
the TrpR repressor
the TrpR repressor
the lac repressor cannot bind the operator when bound to:
lactose
transcription factors
b-galactosidase
glucose
lactose
termination of transcription may be dependent or independent of the Rho (p) protein factor
true/false
true
the cytosine bases in CpG islands are usually unmethylated because activators that bind to CpG islands, and increase transcription of nearby genes, prevent their methylation
true/false
true
the disease Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), caused by a loss of function mutation of a gene called RPE65, has been treated with gene therapy by injecting recombinant AAV vectors containing a normal copy of RPE65 gene into their retinal epithelial cells. patients receiving this therapy:
may acquire detrimental mutations due to integration of the virus
may need to repeat the treatment as the viral DNA is degraded
now have the normal RPE65 gene in all retinal cells
will pass the mutation to their offspring
now have the normal RPE65 gene in all retinal cells
CRISPR sequences occur naturally as:
an antiviral immune system in bacteria
an antibacterial immune system in all eukaryotes
a gene editing system in bacteria
an antiviral immune system in bacteria
a trait unique to embryonic stem cells that makes them useful for generating knockout animals is that they:
are totipotent
can be grown in culture
have been isolated from mice
are extremely well characterized at the molecular level
are totipotent
in an interrupted mating experiment which would be the appropriate strain to cross with an Hfr strain that is Pyr+, Met+, Xyl+, and Arg+?:
a Pyr+, Met+, Xyl+, and Arg+
a Pyr-, Met-, Xyl-, and Arg-
a Pyr+, Met-, Xyl+, Arg-
a Pyr-, Met-, Xyl-, and Arg-
epigenetic changes that are inherited from one generation to the next can involve which of the following:
methylation of histones
methylation of DNA
change in the DNA sequence
methylation of DNA
about how large is the human mitochondrial genome:
hundreds of bases
thousands of bases
millions of bases
billions of bases
thousands of bases
a transcription factor increases initiation of transcription by:
association with an enhancer element
association with a promoter
methylating cytosine
association with an enhancer element
gene regulation typically occurs at what level?:
DNA replication
translation
transcription
post-translation
transcription
catabolic pathways that break down complex substances into more usable units are usually regulated by ___; anabolic pathways are usually regulated by ___:
end product of the pathway; end product of the pathway
end product of the pathway; substrate of the pathway
substrate of the pathway; end product of the pathway
substrate of the pathway; intermediates of the pathway
substrate of the pathway; end product of the pathway
which of the listed motifs is associated with dimer formation?:
zinc finger
helix-loop-helix
leucine zipper
leucine zipper
which are the least related in terms of mtDNA sequence?:
father and daughter
mother and son
grandchild and maternal grandmother
nephew and maternal aunt
father and daughter
transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes differs most with respect to:
codon usage
mRNA processing
induction of genes by small molecules
RNA polymerase binding to promoters
mRNA processing
activators can lead to chromatin remodeling
true/false
true
heterochromatin is more highly condensed than euchromatin
true/false
true
transmission of organelle-encoded traits is usually uniparental
true/false
true
mitochondria read some of the miDNA codons differently that that for genomic DNA
true/false
true
ChIPSeq is used to determine the amino acid sequence of chunks of proteins like ribosomes
true/false
false
if you want to study the effects of knocking out an essential gene in a mouse it can be done using a conditional mutation
true/false
true
RNA editing involves changing the sequence of the genes for rRNA
true/false
false
severity of MERFF is associated with the degree of mutant mito in heteroplasmic cells
true/false
true
interrupted mating or cotransduction experiments can demonstrate the order of genes on a bacterial chromosome
true/false
true
inheritance patterns of non-nuclear DNA is referred to as non-mendelian inheritance
true/false
true
in a gain of function disease like Huntington gene therapy with a gene coding for miRNA could be a useful approach to treatment
true/false
true
DNA folding has no role in regulation of gene expression
true/false
false
transcription factors generally bind as dimers or multidimers
true/false
true
human proteins that can be used as drugs can now be produced in transgenic animals such as sheep
true/false
true
miRNA is a type of RNAi that increases transcript levels
true/false
false
eukaryotic genes are regulated by more proteins than are those in a prokaryote
true/false
true
histones can participate in the regulation of gene expression
true/false
true
which of these is NOT a type of histone modification:
acetylation
methylation
glycosylation
glycosylation
gain or loss of a large chromosome in a germ cell is usually lethal in the zygote
true/false
true
some transposons can move in the form of RNA
true/false
true
all histones are part of the nucleosome
true/false
false
an idiogram shows the position of genes and segments on a chromosome
true/false
true
parent specific silencing of genes is called ___ and an example of a disease inherited in the manner would be___
imprinting
Angelmans
a group of structural genes in bacteria with a common function and under the control of a common promoter is called a ___
operon
in catabolite repression of the lac and other operons, the activity of the CRP protein depends on what small molecule binding to it?
cAMP
what are two examples of post-translational protein modifications
protein localization and protein modification (addition of chemical constituents)
what 2 domains do all transcription factors have on them
DNA binding and inducer binding
heterochromatin can spread along a chromosome and silence nearby genes
true/false
true
most cells have telomerase
true/false
false
cohesin complexes are found in the kinetochores
true/false
false
a site that is DNAse hypersensitive would be transcriptionally active
true/false
true
the 2 main categories of proteins associated with DNA are histones and ___
nonhistones
eukaryotic chromosomes have a single origin of replication each
true/false
false
an inversion can affect phenotype if it disrupts a gene
true/false
true
give an example of a reciprocal translocation
chronic myelogenous leukemia
not all people with Down syndrome have a trisomy
true/false
true
which of these is NOT normally part of a transposon:
LTR
transposase
telomerase
telomerase
most organisms tolerate aneuploidy for sex chromosomes
true/false
true
which of these is NOT likely to result in the formation of a loop during crossing over in meiosis:
insertion
deletion
inversion
translocation
translocation
bacterial chromosomes tend to have more introns than eukaryotic chromosomes
true/false
false
list at least 5 levels of control of gene expression in eukaryotes
- transcription initiation
- post transcriptional modifications
- translation initiation
- translation elongation
- post translational protein modifications
how do you use a reporter gene (and give example) to see how a gene is regulated
reporter genes identify enhancers, GFP
a type of RNA that can change shape upon binding a small molecule and then regulate gene expression is called a
riboswitch
