Chapter Eleven: Genome Annotation Flashcards
the process of determining which sequences do which tasks, key aspect of the human genome project
annotation
a reading frame uninterrupted by stop codons
open reading frame
DNA can be read in ___ reading frames
six (three from each strand due to codon length)
comparing genomes can help track ___ (the process of advantageous mutations spreading in a population while deleterious mutations are lost)
natural selection
locating ___ is a direct method of finding genes
transcribed regions
genes either encode ___ or ___
proteins or non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs)
for mRNA, RNA can be made into ___ for sequencing
cDNA
virus that carries genetic information as RNA
retroviruses
used to copy RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA)
reverse transcriptase
includes only exons from part of genome that was transcribed for translation in cells mRNA was collected from
cDNA library
___ means a single gene can produce different proteins
alternative splicing
all proteins made in an organism
proteome
part of the genome corresponding to exons
exome
the exome makes up about ___ of genome, the remainder is made up of ___
1.5-2%
introns, centromeres, telomeres, transposable elements, etc.
variation in genome size is mostly due to ___ rather than ___ number or size
noncoding DNA
gene
exome sequencing is ___ than sequencing the entire genome
more efficient
most of DNA outside of genes is ___
repetitive
repetitive DNA with no known function
junk DNA
chromosomal regions that have many more genes than expected from average gene density over entire genome
gene-rich regions
the most gene rich region in the human genome
major histocompatibility complex
chromosomes regions with no identifiable genes
gene deserts
segments of proteins that have specific functions
domains
exons often encode ___
protein domains
shuffling, addition, or deletion of exons during evolution can create new ___
domain architectures
