Chapter Seventeen: Organellar Inheritance Flashcards by Jaye Harris

organelle genomes lead to ___ inheritance

non-mendelian

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four-o’clocks inherited variegated leaves from the ___ due to genes found on the ___ genome

mother
chloroplast

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___ and ___ are nonnuclear organelles with their own small genome

mitochondria and chloroplast

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mitochondria produce ATP through the ___ and ___

Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

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the human mitochondria genome has ___ genes that encode for ___, ___, and ___

37
tRNAs, rRNAs, and proteins for oxidative phosphorylation

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a gene on mitochondria that encodes ___, which makes chemicals that are part of the inflammation response

gene: COX
encodes cyclooxygenase

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a network of circular DNAs inside a mitochondrion including maxicircles and minicircles

kinetoplast

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maxicircles contain ___but the sequence does not exactly match ___

genes
corresponding cDNAs

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alters pre-mRNA sequence to make a mature RNA

RNA editing

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RNA editing adds ___ and ___ and changes many ___

start and stop codons
new codons

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minicircles encode ___

guide RNAs

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___ use guide RNAs as templates for RNA editing

editosome

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is the mitochondrial genetic code the same as the nuclear genetic code

no, 5 differences in humans

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in corn, each leaf cell has ___ chloroplasts

40-50

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function of chloroplasts

capture solar energy and store it in chemical bonds of carbs

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most chloroplast genomes are ___ long

120-160kb

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how many genomes are present in each chloroplast

more than one

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chloroplast genomes have ___ gene arrangement and they ___ have introns

compact
do

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___, ___, and ___ forms of chloroplast genome

circular, linear, and branched

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chloroplasts have ___ genes that mitochondria

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the use of a gene gun to make transgenic chloroplasts

biolistic transformation

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DNA shot into the cell with a gene gun can enter ___ and __

chloroplasts
recombine into the genome

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transgenic cells are selected for using a ___, and transgenic cells can be cultured to produce a ___

selectable marker
transplastomic plant

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a transplastomic plant is one that contains ___

transgenic chloroplasts

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mitochondria and chloroplasts require ___ to assemble and function

nuclear genome products

___ functions in mitochondrial electron support

cytochrome oxidase C

cytochrome oxidase C has ___ subunits: ___ from mitochondrial genome, and ___ by nuclear genes

7 3 4

nuclear genes encode the majority of proteins required for ___ in mitochondria and chloroplasts

gene expression

mitochondria and chloroplasts have characteristics of ___

prokaryotic cells

theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts are descended from bacteria that fused with nucleated cells

endosymbiont theory

mitochondria and chloroplasts: have their own ___ mtDNA and cpDNA are not arranged into ___ mitochondria use ___ and ___ in translation ___ block mitochondrial and chloroplast translation comparisons of rRNA suggest their genomes derive from a common ancestor of ___

DNA nucleosomes N-formyl methionine and tRNAfmet inhibitors of bacterial translation nonsulfur and cyanobacteria

some genes that originated in organelles have likely moved to the ___

nucleus

because some of those genes have moved into the nucleus, organelle copy becomes ___ and changes may make it ___

redundant non-functional

organelle diversity can come from ___

different organelle genes being transferred to the nucleus in different lineages

the chloroplast genome is ___ than mitochondria but has ___ genes

smaller more (twice)

progeny obtain organelles from both parents

biparental inheritance

progeny obtain organelles from just one parent

uniparental

when uniparental inheritance occurs, progeny most often inherit their organelles from the ___

maternal parent

mtDNA is ___; cpDNA is ___

mitochondrial DNA chloroplast DNA

mtDNA mutations may result in ___ leading to ___ or ___

slow cell growth small cell colonies or weak tissues

cpDNA mutations may ___ leading to ___

decrease chlorophyll production change in leaf color

DNA polymorphisms can be followed by ___

DNA sequencing

humans get all mitochondria from the ___

egg (mother)

Mary and Herschel Mitchell isolated a slow growing mutant ___ strain that they called ___

Neurospora poky

poky is a ___ gene

mitochondrial

when a poky female was crossed with a wild-type male mating cell, spores were ___

all poky

when a wild-type female was crossed with a poky male mating cell, spores were ___

all wild-type

female gamete may be ___ than male gamete, so the zygote receives ___ female organelles and ___ paternal organelles

much larger many few

paternal organelles may be actively ___ or ___

excluded or destroyed

paternal cells may segregate into ___

non-embryonic cells

___ may prevent organelles from entering the egg

fertilization

variegated four'o' clock plants have ___, ___, and ___ branches

green, white, and variegated

the plant is variegated because it has ___

two types of chloroplasts

wild-type cpDNA makes ___, mutant cpDNAs prevent ___

chlorophyll chlorophyll production

contain a mixture of organelle genomes

heteroplasmic cells

contain only one type of organelle genome

homoplasmic cells

mitotic progeny of homoplasmic cells are also ___

homoplasmic

mitotic progeny of heteroplasmic cells can be ___, ___, or ___

heteroplasmic, homoplasmic wild-type, or homoplasmic mutant

eleven distribution of organeller genomes has ___

distinct phenotypic consequences

and individual organelle can be ___ or ___ for either wild-type of mutant because each organelles contains ___ of the genome

homoplasmic or heteroplasmic multiple copies

a certain fraction of wild-type organelles is sufficient for the normal phenotype

threshold effect

in four-o' clocks, heteroplasmic cells make enough chlorophyll to ___

be green

several diseases of the ___ and ___ are caused by mutations in the mitochondrial genome

human nervous system and muscular system

mitochondrial mutations are passed from ___ to ___

mothers to children

symptoms of mitochondrial mutations vary due to ___

heteroplasmy

if a mother is affected by a mitochondrial disease, ___

all her children will be affected

flaws in mitochondrial electron transport chain lead to optic nerve degeneration and blindness

levers hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON)

MERRF shows a ___ pattern of inheritance

maternal

MERRF stands for ___

myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fiber disease

MERRF is caused by mutations in ___

mitochondrial tRNAs

individuals affected by MERRF are ___

heteroplasmic

severity of MERRF depends on ___

percentage of mutant mtDNA

tissues with higher energy requirements are ___ tolerant of mutant mitochondria

less

tissues with lower energy requirements are affected by mitochondrial mutations only when ___

the proportion of wild-type mitochondria is greatly reduced

___ system in mitochondria generates free radicals, which can ___

oxidative phosphorylation damage DNA

accumulation of mtDNA mutations over time may result in age-related decline in ___

oxidative phosphorylation

percentage of heart tissue with mitochondrial deletions ___with age

increases

brain cells of people with Alzheimers have abnormally low ___

energy metabolism

___ of mitochondria in most Alzheimers patients have mutations in cytochrome oxidase C

20-35%

oocyte nuclear transplantation can sidestep ___ of mitochondrial disease

transmission

the removal of nuclei from donor eggs with normal mitochondria then replacement of that nuclei with the nucleus from an egg of the mother with a mitochondrial disease

mitochondrial gene therapy

eggs resulting from mitochondrial gene therapy are ___

cybrids (cytoplasmic hybrids)