Lab Final Flashcards
Main hormone produced by thymus
Thymosin
LH secreted by
Ant pit
GH secreted by
ant. pit.
Cortisol and cortisone are secreted by
Adrenal cortex
MSH secreted by
Ant pit
TSH secreted by
Ant pit
Function of calcitonin
Decreases bloood Ca levels by inhibiting osteoclasts
LH function
Triggers ovulation and. stimulates secretion of estrogen and progeserone
PTH function
Increase blood Ca levels by stimulating osteoclast acitvity
T3 and T4
Increases metabolism and BMR
Glucagons vs insulin
Glucagon increase blodo glucose by stim liver to break down to glycogen into glucose
Insulin decreases blood glucose by trasnporting glucose into body cells
Layers of peritoneum
Parietal and visceral
Membranes of the parietal peritoneal
Mesentery – coils the SI
together, and binds it to
posterior abdominal wall.
Mesocolon – binds L. intestine
to posterior abdominal wall
Greater omentum – fatty
apron-like fold hanging over intestine
Lesser omentum –Connects stomach to the liver
Falciform ligament – connects
the liver to the anterior
abdominal wall
Falciform ligament
connects
the liver to the anterior
abdominal wall and seperates it into two lobes
Greater omentum
fatty
apron-like fold hanging over intestine
Lesser omentum
Connects stomach to the liver
Mesencolon
Mesocolon – binds L. intestine
to posterior abdominal wall
Mesentary
coils the SI
together, and binds it to
posterior abdominal wall.
3 pairs of salivary glands
Parotid, sublingual and submandibular
Enzmes released by salivary glands
Amylase, lingual lipase (activated at low pH)
4 Layers of esophagus
Mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
Adventia
4 Regions of stomach
Cardia, fundus, body, pyloris
Functions of low pH of stomach
Acid kills most bacteria
b) Converts pepsinogen to pepsin
What contributes to ulcers? c) Denatures proteins
What produces mucous in the stomach
Goblet cells
Cells of the stomach
Columnar epithelial cells
Goblet cells
Parietal cells
Chief cells
G cells
G cells in stomach
secrete hormone
gastrin (promotes digestion in
different ways))
Chief cells in stomach
secrete pepsinogen
and gastric lipase (activated with
lingual lipase at low pH)
Parietal cells in stomach
secrete HCl
3 Regions of SI
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
3 modifications of SI for increasing surface area?
a) Plicae circulares – folds or ridges of
mucosa
b) Villi – finger like projections in all
of the mucosa
c) Microvilli – microscopic projections
on the surface of each villi
Absorptive cells in SI
Microvillli
Enteroendocrine cells in SI
– secrete
hormone secretin, cholecystokinin
(CCK) which stimulate secretion of
pancreatic juice
How is the pancreas an exocrine gland?
secretes pancreatic juice with
enzymes for all food groups:
- secretes bicarbonate juice: neutralizes
the acid from the stomach
How is the pancreas and endocrine gland
Secretes
i) Insulin – cells take up glucose
ii) Glucagon – release glucose
iii) (Somatostatin)
Liver cells do what
Produce bile for the emulsifcation of fat
Flow of bile
bile canaliculi >
bile duct >common hepatic
duct, then is stored in the gall
bladder (via cystic
duct)>common bile duct
Cirrhosis
Damaged liver due to alcohol
Functions of LI
-absorb water,
-lots of bacteria produce
Vitamin K, some B
-form and eliminate
feces
Clotting factor produced by liver
prothrombine
Inferior labial frenulum
Midline of gum/lip at front of mouth
Fauces in mouth
opening to oropharynx
larynpharnyx
After the oropharynx, connecting to the esopagus
Cecum
A blind pouch extending inferiorly from LI at ileal orfice to LRQ
Cuspid tooth
a K9
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
The opening where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct join together
Esophagus only function
Propulsion
Section of SI recieving bile, pancreatic secretions, and food
Duodenum
Finger like extensions of SI
Sintesitnal villi
Serous membrane lining abdominal wall
Parietal peritoneum
Serous membrane covering abdominal regions
Visceral Paritenium
Largest salivary gland
Parotid
Blood supply to liver pathway
Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery
Hepatic sinusoids
Central vein
Hepatic vein
Inferior vena cava
What contrbtes to a subrstarte becoming a product?
An enzyme
Evidence of enzyme action in a substrate?
disappearance of substrate or
appearance of product
Test for pH and temp
What does amylase react with and form?
Carbohydrtaes (starches)
Simple sugars
What does pepsin react with and result in
Protein
Amino acids
Waht does lipase react with and from
Fat
Glycerol and FFA
Changing of an enzymes shape
Denaturation
Factors affecting enzyme actiivty
1) Temperature
2) pH
3) Concentration
4) Inhibitors (heavy metals, alcohol, etc)
Where is starch digestion completed
the S.I.
by pancreatic amylase and brush
border enzymes.
Tests for amylase
- Lugol’s iodine test – to detect
the presence of starch - Benedict’s Test – to detect the
presence of reducing sugar
Lugol’s test
Presence of starch = dark blue/black
No starch = redish orange
Benedicts test
For presence of reducing sugars
Ranging from blue (none)
Green (a few)
Yellow
Orange
Red (Most)
Amylase functions best at pH
7
Protein digestion begins in the
Stomach (HCl secreted by parietal cells)
Reasons stomach does not digest itself
1) thick mucus layer
2) tight junctions between epithelial cells
3) rapid renewal of epithelial cells.
Fat digestion begins
Lingual lipase (from mouth) activated by stomach and causes minal digestion of gats
Most digestio occurs in SI
Fat digestion in SI
Mechanical (Bile emulsification) = Larger fat droplets broken down into smaller droplets (Fat soluble vits released and absorbed)
Chemical digestion by lipass
Which digestion products can be absorbed directl into bloodstream
Glucose and amino acids
How are glycerol and fatty acids absorbed?
resynthesized
into triglycerides inside
the ep. cell, where they
form chylomicrons
(water soluble) and so
enter the lacteal in the villi
Enzymes that digest carbs are produced by what organs
Salivary glands
Pancreas
SI
Enzymes that digest lipids produced by
Salivary glands
Stomach
Small Intestine
Enzymes that digest proteins are produced by what organs
SI
Pancreas
Stomach
What does vomiting ruin in our teeth
Dentin
3 layers of tissue surrounding kidneys
Renal capsule
Adipose capsule
Renal fascia
Glomerulus
NOT PART OF nephron
arteriole filtering products out of blood to be reabbsorbed by nephron
Two types of nephrons
Cortical
Juxtamedullary