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BIO 242 > Lab Final > Flashcards

Lab Final Flashcards

1
Q

Main hormone produced by thymus

A

Thymosin

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2
Q

LH secreted by

A

Ant pit

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3
Q

GH secreted by

A

ant. pit.

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4
Q

Cortisol and cortisone are secreted by

A

Adrenal cortex

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5
Q

MSH secreted by

A

Ant pit

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6
Q

TSH secreted by

A

Ant pit

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7
Q

Function of calcitonin

A

Decreases bloood Ca levels by inhibiting osteoclasts

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8
Q

LH function

A

Triggers ovulation and. stimulates secretion of estrogen and progeserone

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9
Q

PTH function

A

Increase blood Ca levels by stimulating osteoclast acitvity

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10
Q

T3 and T4

A

Increases metabolism and BMR

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11
Q

Glucagons vs insulin

A

Glucagon increase blodo glucose by stim liver to break down to glycogen into glucose

Insulin decreases blood glucose by trasnporting glucose into body cells

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12
Q

Layers of peritoneum

A

Parietal and visceral

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13
Q

Membranes of the parietal peritoneal

A

Mesentery – coils the SI
together, and binds it to
posterior abdominal wall.

Mesocolon – binds L. intestine
to posterior abdominal wall

Greater omentum – fatty
apron-like fold hanging over intestine

Lesser omentum –Connects stomach to the liver

Falciform ligament – connects
the liver to the anterior
abdominal wall

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14
Q

Falciform ligament

A

connects
the liver to the anterior
abdominal wall and seperates it into two lobes

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15
Q

Greater omentum

A

fatty
apron-like fold hanging over intestine

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16
Q

Lesser omentum

A

Connects stomach to the liver

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17
Q

Mesencolon

A

Mesocolon – binds L. intestine
to posterior abdominal wall

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18
Q

Mesentary

A

coils the SI
together, and binds it to
posterior abdominal wall.

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19
Q

3 pairs of salivary glands

A

Parotid, sublingual and submandibular

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20
Q

Enzmes released by salivary glands

A

Amylase, lingual lipase (activated at low pH)

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21
Q

4 Layers of esophagus

A

Mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
Adventia

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22
Q

4 Regions of stomach

A

Cardia, fundus, body, pyloris

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23
Q

Functions of low pH of stomach

A

Acid kills most bacteria
b) Converts pepsinogen to pepsin
What contributes to ulcers? c) Denatures proteins

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24
Q

What produces mucous in the stomach

A

Goblet cells

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25
Q

Cells of the stomach

A

Columnar epithelial cells
Goblet cells
Parietal cells
Chief cells
G cells

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26
Q

G cells in stomach

A

secrete hormone
gastrin (promotes digestion in
different ways))

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27
Q

Chief cells in stomach

A

secrete pepsinogen
and gastric lipase (activated with
lingual lipase at low pH)

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28
Q

Parietal cells in stomach

A

secrete HCl

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29
Q

3 Regions of SI

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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30
Q

3 modifications of SI for increasing surface area?

A

a) Plicae circulares – folds or ridges of
mucosa
b) Villi – finger like projections in all
of the mucosa
c) Microvilli – microscopic projections
on the surface of each villi

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31
Q

Absorptive cells in SI

A

Microvillli

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32
Q

Enteroendocrine cells in SI

A

– secrete
hormone secretin, cholecystokinin
(CCK) which stimulate secretion of
pancreatic juice

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33
Q

How is the pancreas an exocrine gland?

A

secretes pancreatic juice with
enzymes for all food groups:
- secretes bicarbonate juice: neutralizes
the acid from the stomach

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34
Q

How is the pancreas and endocrine gland

A

Secretes

i) Insulin – cells take up glucose
ii) Glucagon – release glucose
iii) (Somatostatin)

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35
Q

Liver cells do what

A

Produce bile for the emulsifcation of fat

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36
Q

Flow of bile

A

bile canaliculi >
bile duct >common hepatic
duct, then is stored in the gall
bladder (via cystic
duct)>common bile duct

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37
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Damaged liver due to alcohol

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38
Q

Functions of LI

A

-absorb water,
-lots of bacteria produce
Vitamin K, some B
-form and eliminate
feces

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39
Q

Clotting factor produced by liver

A

prothrombine

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40
Q

Inferior labial frenulum

A

Midline of gum/lip at front of mouth

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40
Q

Fauces in mouth

A

opening to oropharynx

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41
Q

larynpharnyx

A

After the oropharynx, connecting to the esopagus

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42
Q

Cecum

A

A blind pouch extending inferiorly from LI at ileal orfice to LRQ

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43
Q

Cuspid tooth

A

a K9

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44
Q

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

The opening where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct join together

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45
Q

Esophagus only function

A

Propulsion

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46
Q

Section of SI recieving bile, pancreatic secretions, and food

A

Duodenum

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47
Q

Finger like extensions of SI

A

Sintesitnal villi

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48
Q

Serous membrane lining abdominal wall

A

Parietal peritoneum

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49
Q

Serous membrane covering abdominal regions

A

Visceral Paritenium

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50
Q

Largest salivary gland

A

Parotid

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51
Q

Blood supply to liver pathway

A

Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery
Hepatic sinusoids
Central vein
Hepatic vein
Inferior vena cava

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52
Q

What contrbtes to a subrstarte becoming a product?

A

An enzyme

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53
Q

Evidence of enzyme action in a substrate?

A

disappearance of substrate or
appearance of product

Test for pH and temp

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54
Q

What does amylase react with and form?

A

Carbohydrtaes (starches)

Simple sugars

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55
Q

What does pepsin react with and result in

A

Protein

Amino acids

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56
Q

Waht does lipase react with and from

A

Fat

Glycerol and FFA

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57
Q

Changing of an enzymes shape

A

Denaturation

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58
Q

Factors affecting enzyme actiivty

A

1) Temperature
2) pH
3) Concentration
4) Inhibitors (heavy metals, alcohol, etc)

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59
Q

Where is starch digestion completed

A

the S.I.
by pancreatic amylase and brush
border enzymes.

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60
Q

Tests for amylase

A
  1. Lugol’s iodine test – to detect
    the presence of starch
  2. Benedict’s Test – to detect the
    presence of reducing sugar
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61
Q

Lugol’s test

A

Presence of starch = dark blue/black

No starch = redish orange

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62
Q

Benedicts test

A

For presence of reducing sugars

Ranging from blue (none)
Green (a few)
Yellow
Orange
Red (Most)

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63
Q

Amylase functions best at pH

A

7

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64
Q

Protein digestion begins in the

A

Stomach (HCl secreted by parietal cells)

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65
Q

Reasons stomach does not digest itself

A

1) thick mucus layer
2) tight junctions between epithelial cells
3) rapid renewal of epithelial cells.

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66
Q

Fat digestion begins

A

Lingual lipase (from mouth) activated by stomach and causes minal digestion of gats

Most digestio occurs in SI

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67
Q

Fat digestion in SI

A

Mechanical (Bile emulsification) = Larger fat droplets broken down into smaller droplets (Fat soluble vits released and absorbed)

Chemical digestion by lipass

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68
Q

Which digestion products can be absorbed directl into bloodstream

A

Glucose and amino acids

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69
Q

How are glycerol and fatty acids absorbed?

A

resynthesized
into triglycerides inside
the ep. cell, where they
form chylomicrons
(water soluble) and so
enter the lacteal in the villi

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70
Q

Enzymes that digest carbs are produced by what organs

A

Salivary glands
Pancreas
SI

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71
Q

Enzymes that digest lipids produced by

A

Salivary glands
Stomach
Small Intestine

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72
Q

Enzymes that digest proteins are produced by what organs

A

SI
Pancreas
Stomach

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73
Q

What does vomiting ruin in our teeth

A

Dentin

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74
Q

3 layers of tissue surrounding kidneys

A

Renal capsule
Adipose capsule
Renal fascia

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75
Q

Glomerulus

A

NOT PART OF nephron
arteriole filtering products out of blood to be reabbsorbed by nephron

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76
Q

Two types of nephrons

A

Cortical
Juxtamedullary

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77
Q

Urine formation

A

Renal corpuscle – afferent arteriole
enters the glomerulus (selective
permeable membrane

Filtered blood stays behind in the capillary and will form the vasa recta or the peritubular capillaries.

Reabsorption process starts in the Proximal convoluted tubule, which
continues through loop of Henle and Distal convoluted tubule.

Along the tubules of nephron, the simple cuboidal epithelial cells are lined with microvilli: increase the surface area for reabsorption, requires lots of energy

78
Q

What does filtrate containe

A

Filtrate (contains water, glucose, ions,
amino acids, vitamins, urea, creatinine, waste etc.)

79
Q

Bowmans capsule composed of what kind of cells?

A

SImple squamous epithelial cells

80
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A

Along renal tubule and collecting duct, water ions and other substanes are reabsorbed from renal tubule into peritbular capillaries

81
Q

Describe glomerular filtation

A

Blood plasma and dissoved substances (smaller than most proteins) are filtered into the glomerular capsule

82
Q

Tubular secretion

A

Substances such as waste, drugs, and excess ions are secreted from peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule

83
Q

Flow of urine

A

Bowman’s capsuleProximal convoluted tubuleLoop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubuleCollecting Duct
Papillary duct
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Urinary bladder
urethra

84
Q

Vasa recta

A

loop
shaped capillaries
extending from the efferent arteriole
into the medulla,
surrounding the
loop of Henle.

85
Q

Blood supply to kidney

A

Renal artery
Segmental arteries
Interlobar arteries
Arcuate arteries
Cortical radiate arteries
Afferent arteriorles
Glomerular caillaries
eferent arteriolres
Peritubular capillaries
Cortical radiate veins
Arcuate veins
Interlobar veins
Renal vein

86
Q

Male urethra vs female urethra

A

Male: 20 cm
Female 4cm

87
Q

Detrusor muscle c

A

Of the bladder, contracts and pushes urine into urethra

88
Q

ADH feedback loop

A

Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus sense increase in blood osmolarity
ADH released by anterior pit gland
Increases permeability of distal convoluted tubule, causeing H2O reabsorption back into blood stream

89
Q

Aldosterone feeedback loop

A

When blood osmolarity is low

Angiotensin II causes adrenal gland to release aldosterone causing increase Na reabsorption and H2O reabsorption in to distal tubules

90
Q

What in a urnalysis would be indicitave of diabetes

A

Glucose in urine
protein in urine
ketones

91
Q

Pit gland also called

A

Hypophysis

92
Q

How are hormones released/inhibited from ant. pit.

A

Hormones released by hypothalamus

93
Q

How are post pit hormones released

A

Store and release hormones produced in hypothalamus

94
Q

Gonadotrophs

A

FSH and LH

95
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Secretes T3 and T4

Regulates metabolic rate

C cells secrete calcitonin, reabsrobing Ca into bone

96
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

4 round masses embedded in posterior aspect of thyroid gland

Chief cells secrete PTH

PTH increases blood calcium

97
Q

Andrenal cortex secrtes

A

Aldosterone
Cortisol (and cotisone)
Androgens

98
Q

What type of epitheal tissue present in the bladder

A

Transitional epithelium

99
Q

Filtration in the nephron is selective?

100
Q

Pubic symphysis

A

Oval oninon layered bw penis and bladder

101
Q

What divides the scrotum

A

Scrotal septum

102
Q

2 muscles surroundsing scrotal sacs

A

Dartos muscles
Cremaster muscel

103
Q

Cremaster muscle

A

Continuation of external oblique

Ensures sperm is at correct temperature

104
Q

Optimal temp for sperm

A

3 degrees below body temp

105
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

When in fetal development the
testes do not descend between the 7th month and
birth. This may result in sterility, as the temp is too
high for proper sperm production

106
Q

Lobules in testis

A

Each testis divided into 200-300 lobules

Each lobule contains 1-3 coiled seminifierous tubules

107
Q

Site of sperm production

A

Seminiferous tubules within the lobules of testies

108
Q

how long to produce a sperm cell

109
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogonia
Meoisis
Four haploid spermatozoa released into the lumen of seminiferous tubules
- Sertoli cells support, protect, and nourish sperm and regulate amount released into seminiferous tubules

110
Q

Spermatogonia

A

– the most immature spermatogenic cells just below the basement
membrane.

111
Q

Meiosis of spermatogonisa

A

resulting in four haploid spermatid.

112
Q

Leydig cells

A

Interstital endocrinocytes (Leydig cells) – in wall of sem. Tubule: produce
testosterone

113
Q

Sertoli cells

A

– provide support, protection, nurse and growth of
sperm; regulate amount of sperm released into the seminiferous tubules

114
Q

how many sperm produced per day

A

300 milllion

48 hour lifespan (5 days in repro tract)

115
Q

Parts of sperm

A

Head containing nucleus and acrosome

Midpiece containing mitochondria to produce ATP for motility

116
Q

1/3 of male infertility due to

A

Abnormal sperm

117
Q

3 glands contributing to final semen product

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral (cowpers) gland

118
Q

Seminal vesicles

A
  • alkaline fluid
  • fructose
  • prostaglandins
  • 60% of semen volume
119
Q

Prostate gland

A

citric acid for ATP
production
- proteolytic enzymes
- 25% of semen volume

120
Q

Bulbourethral gland

A

Alkaline fluid
Secrete mucous for lubrication

121
Q

Path of sperm

A

-seminiferous tubules
-straight tubules
-rete testis
-efferent ducts of epididymis
-epididymis (maturation)
-ductus epididymis
-vas deferens
-ejaculatory duct
-prostatic urethra
-membranous urethra
-penile urethra

122
Q

Ligaments holding female repro system in place

A
  • Broad ligaments
  • Round ligament
  • Ovarian ligament
  • Suspensory ligament
123
Q

Difference bw oocyte and follicle

A

Oocyte grows INSIDE of follicle

124
Q

Follicle stages

A

primordial -> primary -> secondary ->
Graaffian follicle,

125
Q

What produces estrogen

A

Follicular cells

126
Q

When and why does ovulation occur

A

At 14 days, LH is released by ant pit causing secondary oocyte to be expelled from ovary

127
Q

What happens to follicle post ovulation

A

*Corpus Luteum continues to produce estr. and prog. à prevent FSH and start
of new cycle
*Corpus albicans is scar tissue that dissolves!

128
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

egg ‘falls’ through gap bw ovary and fimbrae of FT and is fertilized in the abdomen

129
Q

Fertilization normally takes place at the _______

A

Begining of FT

130
Q

How does an embryo travel thorugh FT

A

by way of cilia as well as reverted muscle contractions

131
Q

What would result in tubule pregnancy

A

CIlia not funcitoning properly

132
Q

3 layers of uterus

A

Endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium

133
Q

2 layers of endometrium

A

Stratum funcitonalis (shed during menstration)
Stratum basalis: underlying permanent
layer that builds the
functionalis every cycle

134
Q

Oogenesis

A

Oogonium
- undergoes mitosis
1 primary Oocyte
- undergoes meoisis
Secondary oocyte (haploid) produced and first polar bodies (which die off)
Second O released during fertalization
Secondary Oocyte fertalized (becomes ovum)
Meosis II occurs psot fertilization
Diploid zygote is formed

135
Q

2 cycles of the female

A

ovarian cycle
Uterine cycle

136
Q

Stages of ovarian cycle

A

1-14 days is follicular phase
day 14 is ovulation
day 15-28 is luteal phase

137
Q

Stages of uterine cycle (menstrual)

A

1-5 menstrual phase
7-14 preovulatory phase
14 ovulation
15-27
post ovulatory phase

138
Q

Hormone controlling ovarian and uterine cycles

A

Gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (GnRH)

139
Q

What secretes progesterone

A

Corpus luteum and then the placenta

140
Q

How can ovulation be identified

A

Body temp raised by 1 degree before one gets up in the morning

low 36 to high 36

141
Q

how many STD carriers are asymptomatic

142
Q

What produces testosterone

A

Interstital endocrinocytes

143
Q

uretral openings

A

two posterior openings of the trigone

144
Q

trigone

A

3 openings on the inferior surface of the bladder that form a triangle

145
Q

Most inner layer of ureter

A

Urothelium

146
Q

Adventia purpose for bladder

A

Secures it in place

147
Q

Normal specific gravity of urine

A

1.001-1.035

148
Q

What makes for a higher specific gravity in urine

A

Presence of solutes

149
Q

5 normal solutes in urine

A

Na, K, Cl, Urea, Creatine

150
Q

Normal pH of urine

151
Q

Pyuria

A

WBCS in urine

152
Q

Does normal urine have bacteria in it?

153
Q

Vas deferens

A

The latter part od epididymis where it becomes less convoluted

154
Q

Corpus spongiosum penis

A

Inner layer of erectile tissue

155
Q

Corpora cavernosa penis

A

More area, much of width

erectile tissue

156
Q

Glans

A

Distal expanded portion of spongiosum

157
Q

Prepuce

158
Q

Spermatogonium

159
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogonium
Mitosis
Primary spermatocytes
Meoisis 1
Secondary spermatocytes
Meoisis 2
Spermatid cells
Spermiogensis
Sperm

160
Q

Sustentacular (sertoli) cells

A

Support sperm formation through nourishment, protection etc. (testis-blood barrier)

161
Q

Interstitial endocrine cells

A

Secrete testosterone

Located in spaces bw semiferous tubules

162
Q

Contracts to wrinkle scrotum

A

Dartos muscle

163
Q

Covers and protects testis

A

Tunica albuginca

164
Q

Sperm from production to ej.

A

seminiferous tubules
Straight tubules
rete testes
Efferent ducts
epididymis
vas deferens
ampulla
ejaculatory duct
prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
spongey urethra

165
Q

Infundibulum

A

Entrance to FT

166
Q

Finger like structures extending from FT

167
Q

What produces progesterone and estrogen

168
Q

Broad ligament

A

A layer of peritoneum attaching to each ovary and anchors FT in place

169
Q

Ovarian ligament

A

Ovary attachment to uterus

170
Q

Suspensory ligament

A

Attaches ovary to pelvic wall

171
Q

Cervix

A

A narrowed portion of the uterus

172
Q

Internal os

A

Contricted openingg to the cervical canal

173
Q

External os

A

opening bw cervix a V

174
Q

Fundus

A

Dome shaped surperior portion of uterus

175
Q

Pubic symphosis

A

Onion layered thing in groin

176
Q

Mons pubis

A

Anterior pad of adipose tissue over pubic symphosis

177
Q

Labium Majora

A

two longitudinal folds of adipose covered with skin and pubic hair

178
Q

Labium minus

A

Smaller paired longitudinal folds without pubic hair

179
Q

Clitoris locaton

A

Posterior to mons pubis

180
Q

areola

A

non raised area of nipple

181
Q

Alveoli

A

Milk producing glands arranges in clusters called lobules

Several lobules make up a lobe

182
Q

Lactiferous duct

A

Where milk exits the nipple

183
Q

Lactiferous sinus

A

Carries milk from alveoli

184
Q

Oogenesis cycle

A

Oogonia
Primary Oocyte
Completion of Meiosis 1
Secondary Oocyte (larger) & First polar body (smaller)
Meiosis 2 until metaphase prior to ovulation
Ovulation
The secondary Oocyte is fertilized by sperm
Meiosis 2 complete
Larger haploid ovum & Second polar body
Nucleus of sperm and oocyte fuse forming diploid zygote

185
Q

What happens to follicle after ovulation

A

Tertiary/Graafian follicle
becomes
Corpus luteum
When no longer functional
Corpus albicans
Disintegrates

186
Q

What does corpus luteum secrete

A

Progesterone

187
Q

Usual site for fertalization

A

Ampulla of FT

188
Q

Area bw labia minora w/ openings of urethra AND vagina

189
Q

Another name for female ext. gen.

190
Q

Which part of the nephron reabsorbs the most sodium and chorine?

A

Ascending loop of henle

191
Q

ADH mainly acts on

A

the collecting ducts`

192
Q

urine normally compares how much water compared to solutes?

BIO 242 (17 decks)

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