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BIO 242 > Chapter 16 > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How to understand spinal nerves?

A

First part of pathway name tells you where it starts
If it ends at spinal cord and begins at cortex it MUST be motor bc it’s descending

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2
Q

Sensation

A

Awareness of an internal or external stimulus

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3
Q

Perception

A

Conscience awareness and interpretation of stimulus (involving the cortex

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4
Q

Visceral

A

Internal

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5
Q
  • Sensory Modality
A
  • Every single stimulus (touch, pressure, vibration, pain)is a unique sensory modality, carried on a unique nerve and will go to a specific location on the posterior cortex
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6
Q

Categories of sensory modality

A
  1. General senses (somatic and visceral)
    Special senses
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7
Q

Special senses

A

Taste, smell, sight, hearing, equillibrium

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8
Q

Process of sensation

A

Same for every modality

  1. Stimulation of sensory receptor (very specific stimulation for specific receptor)
    1. Transduction of stimulus – (mech. stim. into electric graded potential)
      3.Generation of impulse (if GP strong enough)
    1. Integration of sensory input in CNS (awareness/interpretaiton of stimulus)
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9
Q

Receptor Feel

A

Every receptor is only sensitive in very particular receptor area

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10
Q

How are sensroy receptors clssified?

A
  1. Location of receptor (internal, external or visceral)
  2. Type of stimulus detected (see below 1-6)
  3. Type of receptor (structure)
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11
Q
  1. Exteroceptors
A

Receptors near or at surface

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12
Q
  1. Interoceptors (visceroceptors)
A

Receptors deep in the body

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13
Q

Proprioreceptors

A

Within muscles tendons or joints

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14
Q

Types of stimuli detected by receptors

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors – bending, stretching = mechanical stimulus
  2. Thermoreceptors
  3. Nociceptors (pain receptor)
  4. Photoreceptors (light receptor)
  5. Chemoreceptors – taste, smell, fluids (recepotrs in blood, moniter pH, blood chem.)
  6. Osmoreceptors
    (measure osmotic pressure in different chambers of body
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15
Q

Type of receptors (by structurs

A

Free nerve ending of first order neuron - dendrite sticks into tissue or fluid

  • Encapsulated nerve ending of first order neurons – pressure, vibration
  • Dendrite that is encapsulated in connective tissue (Graded or generator potential)

eparate cells that synapse with first order neuron (eg. Hair cells fir hearing and equilibrium, taste, sight – produce RP_

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16
Q

Sensory receptor adaptation

A
  • Receptor potential and generator potential decreases in amplitude during a constant stimulus resulting in decreased AP’s in sensory neuron, leads to decrease perception
  • Receptor gets bored
  • Less and less first order response
    Fast: vibration, touch and smell
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17
Q

How long does sensory recepotr adaptation take to occur

A

45 s -1 min

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18
Q

How do somatic sensations occur?

A

receptors embedded in skin, subcutaneous layer, mucous membranes, muscles, tendons, joints and inner ea

  • Punctuate distribution
  • Sensory receptors in body are in different conc. In different locations resulting in differeing levels of sensitiivity across body

cutaneous sensations – arise from skin

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19
Q

4 Modalities of somatic sensations

A
  1. Tactile (touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle)
  2. Thermal –Temperature (hot, cold)
  3. Pain (nociceptors)
  4. Proprioceptive (spindles, tendosn organs, joint receptors)
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20
Q

Phantom limb sensation

A
  • A person is aware or senses that pain is coming from a portion of body that is no longer there
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21
Q

Describe thermal sensation temperatures

A

Fast sensation

  • Cold
    10-40° C (50-105° F)
    Stratum basale
  • Warm
    32-48°C (90-118°F)
    Dermis

< 10°C & >48°C = pain no temperature sensation

Cold and warm different sensations carried on different nerves.

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22
Q

Only place nociceptors NOT located on?

A

Brain

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23
Q

Process of feeling pain

A

Tissue damage or irritation (chemical, hot water, etc.) → chemical releases kinins, prostaglandins (type of kinin) → stimulate nociceptors (pain receptor)

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24
Q

Types of pain

A
  • Fast – “stab” very localized
  • Slow – “ache”
  • Superficial Somatic Pain
  • Deep Somatic Pain – Skeletal muscles, tendons, joints & fascia
  • Visceral – “deep” (internal)
  • Referred Pain – visceral pain (Heart attack)
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25
Q
  • Analgesics
A
  • Over the counter tablets
  • Block the formation of prostaglandins
    20 minutes for pain to go away bc it initially it does not allow the formation of prostaglandins.
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26
Q

Pain management

A
  • Anesthetics (eg. Novocaine)
    Analgesics
  • Opiates (eg. Morphine and oxine ) - tells brain i’s no longer a painful stimulus
  • Acupuncture
    Derivative of marijuana
    Icing
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27
Q

muscle spindle

A
  • Monitors rate of stretch (how fast/slow and steady) and amount of stretch (too much for that joint?)
    Normally in a capsule
  • Receptor buried within muscle fibers
  • As fibers in muscle stretch so too do fibers in spindle
  • Sends info to cerebrum
  • If over stretched it sends signal to contract
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28
Q

Muscle fibers

A
  • Muscle fibers INSIDE spindle
  • 3-10 muscle fibers inside spindle
  • Same fibers, actin and mission
  • Central portion wrapped in nerves but NO actin and myosin
  • Ends of spindle HAVE actin and myosin

Intrafusal
Extrafusal neuron goes to muscle fibers (outside spindle) have capacity for contraction
Most muscles have at least a couple muscle spindles

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29
Q

Gamma motor neurons

A

Motor neurons contained within muscle spindles
- Adjust the tension in muscle spindle
-Terminate near both ends of intrafusal fiber

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30
Q

What surrounds muscle fibres?

A

Extrafusal muscle fibres
- Supplied by Alpha motor neurons

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31
Q

(Golgi) Tendon Organs

A

Sensory structure
Nerves distributed throught tendon
GTO moniters how much force is being produced
- If force is too great, tendon organ causes relaxation of muscle (opposite of stretch reflex)
- Athletes have high tolerance

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32
Q

c) Joint Kinesthetic Receptors

A

In/around synovial joints

  • A group/cluster
  • Several different types of receptors inside/around synovial joints
  • Monitor acceleration/deceleration.
  • Monitor pressure inside synovial joint
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33
Q

Somatic Sensory Pathways

A

relay information from somatic sensory receptors to primary somatosensory cortex to cerebellum
Commonly 3 neurons in sequence

1st order (Neuron): From receptor to CNS
2nd Order: CNS to thalamus
3rd Order: THalamus to specific somatosensory area

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34
Q

Where is the somatosensory area

A

Just behind central sulcus

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35
Q

Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway

A

From spinal cord to brain stem – touch, pressure, vibration and proprioception from limbs, trunk, neck and posterior head

36
Q

Two divisions of posterior column (pathways)

A

o Gracile fasciculus
o Cuneate fasciculus

37
Q

Anterolatera

A

Spinothalmac
impulses for pain, temp, itch and tickle from limbs, trunk, neck and posterior head

38
Q

Trigeminothalamc Pathway

A

tactile, thermal and pain from the face, nasal cavity, oral cavity and teeth

39
Q

How does the amount of space in the cortex correlate with the muscles affect?

A

The greater fine motor control required, the greater amount of space required on cortex

40
Q

Sensory homunculus

A

Distorted sensory map of the body

41
Q

Any sensory pathway that travels to the cerebellum implies …

A

Some element of motor control

42
Q

Two major tracts in spinal cord assisting in balance, posture and skliled movement?

A

Posterior spinocerebellar tract
Anterior spinocerebellar tract

43
Q

What is the significance of the LMN in a somatic motor pathway?

A

All info converges here - last stop before AP goes out to muscle

44
Q

Facts abt somatic motor pathways

A

All converge in LMN
All have cell bodies in CNS
Extend out of CNS to control skeltal muscles
All end up at final common pathway

45
Q

Four distinct pathways that supply LMN

A

Local circuit neurons’
UMN
Basal nuclei neurons
cerebellar neurons

46
Q

Local circuit neurons’

A
  • Neural motor pathway
    Circuits in a very small, localized area of spinal cord
  • Typically involve interneurons.
47
Q

Upper Motor Neuron

A
  • Somatic motor pathway that ends in LMN
    Cell bodies in upper CNS
  • Decide on final action
48
Q

Basal Nuclei neurons

A

Converge in LMN
- Connect brain stem to cortex to cerebellum
- Help initiate and terminate movement

49
Q

Cerebellar neurons

A
  • Neural motor pathway
    Leaving from cerebellum, connect to brain stem get info from cortex
  • Eventually also send info to the common pathway
50
Q

What does syphilis do?

A

attack cell bodies of UMN pathways

51
Q

Flaccid paralysis

A

no voluntary or reflexive control
- Muscle is loose and elastic
- If LMN damage

52
Q

Spastic Paralysis

A

– increase muscle tone, reflexes exaggerated (eg..Babinski)
- Typically when damage to UMN (primarily cortex)

53
Q

sensory homunculus

A

The distorted somatic
sensory map of the body

54
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract controls

A

distal muscles of limbs: precise movements of hands and feet (eg. Play piano)
- Limbs and trunk

55
Q
  1. Anterior corticospinal
A

muscles of trunk and proximal limbs

56
Q

Corticobulbar tract

A

muscles of head (face, chewing, swallowing)

57
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

motor area of cortex is attacked and UMN’s and LMN’s
- Corticalspinal track Aren’t sending info to LMN (also can have LMN problems)
- No cognitive detrement

58
Q

Role of: Vestibular nuclei , Reticular Formation, Superior Colliculus, Red Nucleus

A

Parts of brainstem, All of them are very significant for Involuntary motor control correct movement correct sequence.

59
Q

Indirect motor pathways

A
  • Typically begin at brainstem
  • Terminate in LMN
  • Regulate involuntary actions (Postuter, muscel tone)
  • Impulses follow complex, polysynaptic routes that include motor cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, reticular formation and brain stem nuclei.
  • Regulate involuntary actions: balance, posture, muscle tone, reflexes
60
Q

5 Major tracts of the spinal cord

A

Rubrospinal tract, tectospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Medial and lateral spinal tracts

61
Q

Role of basal nuclei (with cerebellum) in movement

A
  1. Initiate and terminate movements –caudate and putamen
  2. Suppression of unwanted movement
  3. Maintain Muscle tone (For blood vessels)
  4. Cortical function influence (non- motor processes)
  • Basal nuclei influence UMN for things like cognition & limbic system
62
Q

Disorders of the basal nuclei

A
  • Parkinson Disease
  • Progressive CNS particular midbrain (substantinaigra)
  • Not enough dopamine released
  • Huntington Disease
  • Genetic
  • Problem with NT
  • No control of unwanted movements
  • 30-40 years (10-20 years of age)
  • Tourette Syndrome
  • Imbalance of NTs
  • Inappropriate outbursts/muscle tics
  • Schizophrenia/Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
  • Problem associated with basal nuclei (could be serotonin uptake)
63
Q

Cerebellum in movement

A

Posture, balance, movement, learning new skills

Monitor intended movements (red)

  1. Monitor actual movements.
  2. Compare intended with actual (movement)

4 Send out corrective feedback.
- Ideally next time movement is attempted feedback allows for more efficient are effective technique takes place.

64
Q

Cerebrum Integrative Functions

A
  1. Circadian Rhythm (sleep and awake pattern)
  • Cortex (reticular formation and RAS) drives and controls awake sleep cycle
65
Q

Name the stages of sleep

A

1NREM: Transition from awake to sleep (not technichally asleep) - eyes closed + relaxed
2NREM: Light sleep (7-20 minutes)
3NREM: Around 20 minutes
- Moderate sleep
- BP, temp, and metabolic rate drops
4REM: Deep sleep (predominant for sleep walking)
- metabolic rate lowest

REM phase occurs every 90 minures

Cycles occur every few hours

66
Q

How often does REM phase occur

A

Every 90 minutes

67
Q

What is a REM phase

A

Deepest phase of sleep
- Most dreaming occurs herer
- Newborns have more REM sleep
- Adults have less

68
Q

Narcolepsy is a problem with

A
  • Individual falls asleep any time during day
  • Remain asleep for 15 minutes or so
  • Problem with neuropeptides and hypothalamus
69
Q

Sleep apnea

A
  • Stops breathing 10-20 seconds then starts again during sleep
  • Deprives constant blood and O2 flow
  • Dementia could be more likely
70
Q

What is associative memory

A
  • Linking two events together
  • Bell ringing dog salivates
71
Q

What is non associative memory

A
  • Repeated exposure to same stimulus (repetition)
    o Habituation: Repeated exposure to irrelevant stimulus (eventually learn to ignore it)
    o Sensitization: Repeated exposure to noxious stimulus, over time u increase response (Avoiding pain or discomfort)
72
Q

What is a declarative memory

A

Memory of event that has been spoken out or written down (association area of cortex for conscious recall)

73
Q

What is a procedural memory

A

Learning and now memorizing (motor skills)
Premotor area, cerebellum, basal nuclei
To be successful the info must be the correct information
Immediate memory (know the present state)
- Short term

74
Q

What is short term memory

A
  • Seconds or minutes
  • Dementia: Forgetting why they went into a room
75
Q

Long term memory

A

Info that’s been introduced is accessible for weeks, months, years
- Learned through repeition

  • Recall ability increased by highlighting, study, colour
76
Q

Describe route of CSF

A

Choroid plexus in lat V
Interventricular foramina
3rd V
Aqueduct of Midbrain
4th V
Three openings in roof
Subarachnoid space
Central canal
Rest of space around CSF
Reabsorbed by arachnoid villas

77
Q

medulla

A

Voluntary movement of limbs and trunk
Cardiac and respiratory centers
vomiting, swallowing, sneezing, coughing, and hiccupping reflexes
Instruct cerebellum in skill learning

78
Q

Pons

A

efficiency and coordination of voluntary motor neurons
controlling breathing, chewing, eye movement, taste and salivation, facial movement, and balance and equilibrium

79
Q

Midbrain

A

Eye tracking and scanning
Movement of eys, head and trunk in response to visual stimuli and auditory stimuli

80
Q

cerebellum

A

Smoothing out skeletal muscle contractions and directing complex muscle movements
subconscious parts of skeletal muscle movements and contributes to equilibrium and balance

81
Q

Thalamus

A

relays most sensory input to the cerebrum and transmits info from the cerebellum to the primary motor cortex to aid in motor functions
Keeps person conscious

82
Q

Hypothalamus

A

control ANS activities, it produces and inhibits hormones and regulates emotional and behavioural patterns alongside the limbic system. This organ of the brain regulates eating and drinking, circadian rhythms, and acts as the thermostat for the body

83
Q

Where do all second-order sensory neurons go first?

A

Thalamus

84
Q

First-order neurons are always

A

Sensory neurons

85
Q

Where is a second-order sense neuron synapse

A

Posterior grey horn

BIO 242 (17 decks)

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