Extra Flashcards
What marking do body cells recognize not to attack?
MHC Class l
ANP is opposite to
Angiotensin ll
Tubular Reabsorption
Movement of water and solutes from nephron tubules to bloodstream
Tubular secretion
Movement of water and solutes from circulation into tubules
Vasa recta
Formed from the afferent arteriole, basically capilleries that follow the path of renal tubules allowing for secretion and absorption
Glomerulus part of
afferent arteriole NOT nephron
Are ureters retroperitoneal
yes
Benefit of transitional epitheliu
Able to stretch
Is secretion selective
Yes only waste is actively secreted
Is reabsorption selective
Yes
Main
MSH, HGH
Released by pit gland
ADH released by
Pit gland mde by hypothalamus
Describe Olfactory receptor
1-month lifespan
- Bipolar axon with a dendrite
- The hair /cilia is the site of transduction
Taste buds not common in adults
Foliate
What are gustatory receptor cells
Microglia sticking up to the surface
Types of papillae
Vallate (large)
Fungiform (all over)
Filiform (for tactile only)
Tarsal plate
Connective tissue beneath eyelid
Types of conjuctiva
Bulbar (Whites of eyes)
Paplebral (Under eyelids)
Flow of tears
lacrimal glands (Produce tears)
↓
* lacrimal (excretory) ducts - distribute over surface of eye (moisten + antibiotiscs protect
↓
* superior/inferior lacrimal canal – drain tears into …
↓
* lacrimal sac – drains tears into
↓
* nasolacrimal duct – drains into
↓
* nasal cavity
Vascular tunic
ciliary body and iris)
- choroid
- Most vascular part (very post.)
- Give good blood supppy and nutrition to retina
Ciliary components
Process: Folds of body, produce aqueous humor
muscle: Control size of lens
Zonules: Attatch body to lens
Two types of cells in bipolar layer
Amacrine: For tubocharging visual acuity through contrast
Horizontal: Shutting off parts of visual field for greater contrast
Macula Lutea
Midline of vision coming in
Area of vision with only cones
Central fovea
Which form of mac degen can be treated?
Wet (Leaky BV)
NOT muscle atrophe
GLycoma
Pressure inside eye-damaging optic nerve
Cavities (chambers) of eye
Anterior cavity
- Anterior chamber: Bw cornea and iris
- Posterior chamber: Bw iris and lens
Vitreous chamber
What do Utricle and vestibule help with?
Balance and equilibrium
What is the vestibule
A division of the bony labrinth
3 divisions of bony labrynth
Semicircular canals
vestibule
cochlea
Utricle and saccule
Sacs contained within the vestibule
- contain maculae for regulating static equilibrium
(contribute to dynamic)
Regulators of equilibrium in semicircular canals?
Cristae regulates dynamic equilibrium
What is white pulp
Part of the parenchyma of the spleen
Surrounds major afferent BVs
Contains many kinds of lymphocytes (WBCs)
Contains:
Macrophages
central arteries
Complement (protein) system
group of about 30+ proteins present in blood plasma and on cell membranes
when activated, these proteins “complement” or enhance certain immune, allergic, and inflammatory reactions
Major histocompatibility complex antigens OR HLA antigens
aid in the detection of foreign invaders. All cells except red blood cells display MHC class I antigens.
Natural killer cells
Eliminate everything that doesn’t have MHC 1 marker
Through direct contact binding (Aptosis)
Releasing perforin into cell membrane causes it to rupture
Role of transferrins
Type of interferon that Inhibit antigen cell growth
Role of interferons
Stop virus replication also enhance the activity of phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, inhibit cell growth and suppress tumor formation
APC
Antigen presenting cell
Mark cells as MHC Class 2 so other cells know to attack
How does immunological memory work
Primary response: igG cells and igM cells respond similarally to first exposure
Secondary response: Second exposure results in Tremendous spike in IgG: Bc of memory cells produced in primary response
- Relative spike in IgM
What does it mean for an antibody to neutralize an antigen
prevent attachment of antigen cells to healthy cells
Neutrophils
phagocytes that are smaller than macrophages and can travel to problem area through bloodstream
How much lymph produced and reabsorbed
3L and 3L
sequence of lymph
Blood capillaries → interstitial spaces → lymphatic capillaries → lymphatic vessels → nodes and trunks → L & R lymphatic ducts → subclavian veins/jugular
Pieces of thymus and cells contained
Cortex: Pre-T cells, Dendritic cells (APCs), epithelial cells, and macrophages
Medulla: Mature T cells
Parts of lymph node and cells contained
Outer Cortex: B cells, Dendritic cells, macrophages
Inner cortex: Mature T cells, Dendritic (APCs), B cells
Deep medulla: B cells, plasma cells, macrophages
Lymph flow through node
Afferent lymph vessel (Incoming only)
Subcapsular sinus
Trabecular sinus
Medullary sinus
Efferent lymph vessel
Parynchyma of spleen
White pulp: WBCs and macrophages, surrounding afferent BVs
Red Pulp:
Contains blood supply of spleen in venous sinuses
Splenic cord of lymphatic tissue
- RBCs
- Macrophages
- Plasma cells
- Lymphocytes
- Granulocytes
Lymphatic nodules found
Lamina propria of MALTS
Phases of chemotaxis
- Chemotaxis
- Adherence
- Ingestion
- Digestion
- Killing and residual bodies
leukocytosis
Residual bodies of phagocytes post engulfing that form pocket and are excreted through pus
Distinguishing properties of immunity
specificity and memory.
T cells and B cells derive from what
pluripotent stem cells in bone marrow
Types of adaptive immunity
Cell mediated (T-cells attacking foreign cells)
Anti-body mediated (humoral) (AMI) (=
Clonal Selection (Lymphocyte proliferating)
Immunogenicy
ability to provoke an immune response by
stimulating the production of specific antibodies, the proliferation
of specific T cells, or both.
APCs include
macrophages, B cells, Dendritic cells
Killer T cells 3 stratgies
Insert periform into cell creating pores
Lymotoxin (damagin enzyme inside target cell
Kill target cell with granzymes
5 antibody actions
i) Neutralizing Antigen
ii) Immobilizing Bacteria
iii) Agglutinating and Precipitating Antigen
iv) Activating Complement
v) Enhancing Phagocytosis
Opsonization
process enhancing phagocytosis
Self immunty vs self tolerence
Immune cells recognize it’s own cells and ALSO don’t react with them
3 types of surface mucous cells in the stomach
Mucous neck cells (Mucous to protect stom from acid)
Chief cells (pepsinogen)
Parietal cells (produce HCL)
All exocrine glands
G cell
Produce/secrete gastrin
Pancreas cells
Mostly acini (exocrine)
Some pancreatic islets (endocrine)
A: Glucogen (increase blood glucose)
B: Insulin (decrease blood glucose)
D: Slows down glycogen + insulin (digestion)
F: Decrease secretions and bile, more time to digest before stomach adds more fod
Components of pancreatic juice
Pancreatic amalayse
trypsin
chymotrypsin
carboxypeptidase
pancreatic lipases
ribonuclease
deoxyribonuclease
Pancreatic secretions and SI
- Secretin: If secretin hormone goes up, pancreatic secretions go
up - CCK (cholecystokinin): When there is food or chime in the small intestine, CCK production goes up
- Secretions in the small intestine goes up
Hepatic sinusoids
Of liver
- Blood vessels
- stellate reticulocytes (Kupffer)
Stellate reticuloendothelial cell are phagocytic cell within hepatic sinusoids
Portal Triad made up of
Hepatic vein, hepatic artery, bile duct
How does bile move from liver to galbladder
Bile → bile canaliculi → bile ductules → bile ducts →Merge to form R and L hepatic ducts → Exit liver as common hepatic duct → Stored in gallbladder by way of cystic duct
Liver functions
Carb metabolism
Lipid metabolism
Protein metabolism
Drug and antiobiotic processing
Bilirubin excretion
Bile salt synthesis
Storage
Phagocytosis
Vit D activation
carbohydrate metabolism
Glycogenolysis: Breakdown of glycogen to produce glucose
- Gluconeogenesis: Production of glucose from non hydrolatic sources
Major roles of SI
i) Digestion
ii) Absorption
3 types of cells making up intestinal glands and brush border
Goblet cells: Secreting mucous
Paneth Cells: Secreting lysosomes (phagocytes)
Lacteal: Middle of each villus, absorbs large fats into lymph
What hormones are secreted by cells along the brush border
S-cells (secretin)
CCK -cells (Cholecystokinin)
K-cells (Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide)
Brunner’s glands (Duodenal glands)
Important, secretes alkaline secretion
- Important for neutralizing acidic environment coming from the stomach
MMC
Migrating motility complex
Chemical digestion that occurs in mouth, stomach and SI
M Carbs
S Proteins Fats
SI ALL
How fats absorbed into the bloodstream
Fats = micelle → brush border → TG → chylomicrons → lacteal of villus
Role of the LI
5% of absorption, fine tuning vitamin absorption and H2o absorption
- Role in bacteria production (good)
- Some ions/vitamins absorption finished up
- Produce bacteria that will help digestion.
Cells in mucosa/submucosa of LI
i) Intestinal Glands: Openings that go down into ducts
ii) Lamina Propria: Connective tissue (In each of the glands/elevations)
iii) Lymphatic Nodules: Green clusters part of immunity system
Goblet cells: produce mucous still
Teniae Colie
Longitudinal muscle in LI
Phases of digestion
Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal
Glycemic index
(How quickly do carbohydrates go from digestion to absorption)
- High glycemic (20-30 minutes from breakdown to absorption
- Low glycemic (1.5-2hr to go from digestion to absorption)
3 components of the filtration membrane
i) Glomerular endothelial cells with fenestrations
* Mesangial Cell
ii) Basal Lamina
iii) Podocyte
Facultative reabsorption occurs under direction of which hormone?
ADH
How does Antidiuretic hormone work
Increase in osmolarity (stimulus)
Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect change
increase ADH release in blood
Increase permeabiilty of cells in DCT and collecting duct (by increasing aquaporin -2)
Facultative Water reabsorption
osmolarity normal
ADH affects on permability of ducts
When ADH high, DCT more permeable therefore more H2O reabsorped and less urine produced
Plasma Creatine blood test
- If blood creatinine level went up dramatical GFR level is not as functional/efficient as it should be
