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BIO 242 > Extra > Flashcards

Extra Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What marking do body cells recognize not to attack?

A

MHC Class l

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2
Q

ANP is opposite to

A

Angiotensin ll

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3
Q

Tubular Reabsorption

A

Movement of water and solutes from nephron tubules to bloodstream

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4
Q

Tubular secretion

A

Movement of water and solutes from circulation into tubules

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5
Q

Vasa recta

A

Formed from the afferent arteriole, basically capilleries that follow the path of renal tubules allowing for secretion and absorption

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6
Q

Glomerulus part of

A

afferent arteriole NOT nephron

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7
Q

Are ureters retroperitoneal

A

yes

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8
Q

Benefit of transitional epitheliu

A

Able to stretch

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9
Q

Is secretion selective

A

Yes only waste is actively secreted

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10
Q

Is reabsorption selective

A

Yes

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11
Q

Main

A
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12
Q

MSH, HGH

A

Released by pit gland

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13
Q

ADH released by

A

Pit gland mde by hypothalamus

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14
Q

Describe Olfactory receptor

A

1-month lifespan
- Bipolar axon with a dendrite
- The hair /cilia is the site of transduction

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15
Q

Taste buds not common in adults

A

Foliate

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16
Q

What are gustatory receptor cells

A

Microglia sticking up to the surface

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17
Q

Types of papillae

A

Vallate (large)

Fungiform (all over)

Filiform (for tactile only)

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18
Q

Tarsal plate

A

Connective tissue beneath eyelid

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19
Q

Types of conjuctiva

A

Bulbar (Whites of eyes)

Paplebral (Under eyelids)

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20
Q

Flow of tears

A

lacrimal glands (Produce tears)
↓
* lacrimal (excretory) ducts - distribute over surface of eye (moisten + antibiotiscs protect
↓
* superior/inferior lacrimal canal – drain tears into …
↓
* lacrimal sac – drains tears into
↓
* nasolacrimal duct – drains into
↓
* nasal cavity

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21
Q

Vascular tunic

A

ciliary body and iris)

  • choroid
  • Most vascular part (very post.)
  • Give good blood supppy and nutrition to retina
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22
Q

Ciliary components

A

Process: Folds of body, produce aqueous humor
muscle: Control size of lens
Zonules: Attatch body to lens

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23
Q

Two types of cells in bipolar layer

A

Amacrine: For tubocharging visual acuity through contrast

Horizontal: Shutting off parts of visual field for greater contrast

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24
Q

Macula Lutea

A

Midline of vision coming in

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25
Q

Area of vision with only cones

A

Central fovea

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26
Q

Which form of mac degen can be treated?

A

Wet (Leaky BV)

NOT muscle atrophe

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27
Q

GLycoma

A

Pressure inside eye-damaging optic nerve

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28
Q

Cavities (chambers) of eye

A

Anterior cavity
- Anterior chamber: Bw cornea and iris
- Posterior chamber: Bw iris and lens

Vitreous chamber

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29
Q

What do Utricle and vestibule help with?

A

Balance and equilibrium

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30
Q

What is the vestibule

A

A division of the bony labrinth

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31
Q

3 divisions of bony labrynth

A

Semicircular canals

vestibule

cochlea

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32
Q

Utricle and saccule

A

Sacs contained within the vestibule

  • contain maculae for regulating static equilibrium

(contribute to dynamic)

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33
Q

Regulators of equilibrium in semicircular canals?

A

Cristae regulates dynamic equilibrium

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34
Q

What is white pulp

A

Part of the parenchyma of the spleen
Surrounds major afferent BVs

Contains many kinds of lymphocytes (WBCs)

Contains:
Macrophages
central arteries

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35
Q

Complement (protein) system

A

group of about 30+ proteins present in blood plasma and on cell membranes

when activated, these proteins “complement” or enhance certain immune, allergic, and inflammatory reactions

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36
Q

Major histocompatibility complex antigens OR HLA antigens

A

aid in the detection of foreign invaders. All cells except red blood cells display MHC class I antigens.

37
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Eliminate everything that doesn’t have MHC 1 marker

Through direct contact binding (Aptosis)

Releasing perforin into cell membrane causes it to rupture

38
Q

Role of transferrins

A

Type of interferon that Inhibit antigen cell growth

39
Q

Role of interferons

A

Stop virus replication also enhance the activity of phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, inhibit cell growth and suppress tumor formation

40
Q

APC

A

Antigen presenting cell

Mark cells as MHC Class 2 so other cells know to attack

41
Q

How does immunological memory work

A

Primary response: igG cells and igM cells respond similarally to first exposure

Secondary response: Second exposure results in Tremendous spike in IgG: Bc of memory cells produced in primary response
- Relative spike in IgM

42
Q

What does it mean for an antibody to neutralize an antigen

A

prevent attachment of antigen cells to healthy cells

43
Q

Neutrophils

A

phagocytes that are smaller than macrophages and can travel to problem area through bloodstream

44
Q

How much lymph produced and reabsorbed

A

3L and 3L

45
Q

sequence of lymph

A

Blood capillaries → interstitial spaces → lymphatic capillaries → lymphatic vessels → nodes and trunks → L & R lymphatic ducts → subclavian veins/jugular

46
Q

Pieces of thymus and cells contained

A

Cortex: Pre-T cells, Dendritic cells (APCs), epithelial cells, and macrophages

Medulla: Mature T cells

47
Q

Parts of lymph node and cells contained

A

Outer Cortex: B cells, Dendritic cells, macrophages

Inner cortex: Mature T cells, Dendritic (APCs), B cells

Deep medulla: B cells, plasma cells, macrophages

48
Q

Lymph flow through node

A

Afferent lymph vessel (Incoming only)

Subcapsular sinus

Trabecular sinus

Medullary sinus

Efferent lymph vessel

49
Q

Parynchyma of spleen

A

White pulp: WBCs and macrophages, surrounding afferent BVs

Red Pulp:
Contains blood supply of spleen in venous sinuses
Splenic cord of lymphatic tissue
- RBCs
- Macrophages
- Plasma cells
- Lymphocytes
- Granulocytes

50
Q

Lymphatic nodules found

A

Lamina propria of MALTS

51
Q

Phases of chemotaxis

A
  • Chemotaxis
  • Adherence
  • Ingestion
  • Digestion
  • Killing and residual bodies
52
Q

leukocytosis

A

Residual bodies of phagocytes post engulfing that form pocket and are excreted through pus

53
Q

Distinguishing properties of immunity

A

specificity and memory.

54
Q

T cells and B cells derive from what

A

pluripotent stem cells in bone marrow

55
Q

Types of adaptive immunity

A

Cell mediated (T-cells attacking foreign cells)
Anti-body mediated (humoral) (AMI) (=
Clonal Selection (Lymphocyte proliferating)

56
Q

Immunogenicy

A

ability to provoke an immune response by
stimulating the production of specific antibodies, the proliferation
of specific T cells, or both.

57
Q

APCs include

A

macrophages, B cells, Dendritic cells

58
Q

Killer T cells 3 stratgies

A

Insert periform into cell creating pores

Lymotoxin (damagin enzyme inside target cell

Kill target cell with granzymes

59
Q

5 antibody actions

A

i) Neutralizing Antigen

ii) Immobilizing Bacteria

iii) Agglutinating and Precipitating Antigen

iv) Activating Complement

v) Enhancing Phagocytosis

60
Q

Opsonization

A

process enhancing phagocytosis

61
Q

Self immunty vs self tolerence

A

Immune cells recognize it’s own cells and ALSO don’t react with them

62
Q

3 types of surface mucous cells in the stomach

A

Mucous neck cells (Mucous to protect stom from acid)
Chief cells (pepsinogen)
Parietal cells (produce HCL)

All exocrine glands

63
Q

G cell

A

Produce/secrete gastrin

64
Q

Pancreas cells

A

Mostly acini (exocrine)
Some pancreatic islets (endocrine)

A: Glucogen (increase blood glucose)
B: Insulin (decrease blood glucose)
D: Slows down glycogen + insulin (digestion)
F: Decrease secretions and bile, more time to digest before stomach adds more fod

65
Q

Components of pancreatic juice

A

Pancreatic amalayse

trypsin
chymotrypsin
carboxypeptidase

pancreatic lipases

ribonuclease
deoxyribonuclease

66
Q

Pancreatic secretions and SI

A
  • Secretin: If secretin hormone goes up, pancreatic secretions go
    up
  • CCK (cholecystokinin): When there is food or chime in the small intestine, CCK production goes up
  • Secretions in the small intestine goes up
67
Q

Hepatic sinusoids

A

Of liver
- Blood vessels
- stellate reticulocytes (Kupffer)
Stellate reticuloendothelial cell are phagocytic cell within hepatic sinusoids

68
Q

Portal Triad made up of

A

Hepatic vein, hepatic artery, bile duct

69
Q

How does bile move from liver to galbladder

A

Bile → bile canaliculi → bile ductules → bile ducts →Merge to form R and L hepatic ducts → Exit liver as common hepatic duct → Stored in gallbladder by way of cystic duct

70
Q

Liver functions

A

Carb metabolism
Lipid metabolism
Protein metabolism
Drug and antiobiotic processing
Bilirubin excretion
Bile salt synthesis
Storage
Phagocytosis
Vit D activation

71
Q

carbohydrate metabolism

A

Glycogenolysis: Breakdown of glycogen to produce glucose
- Gluconeogenesis: Production of glucose from non hydrolatic sources

72
Q

Major roles of SI

A

i) Digestion
ii) Absorption

73
Q

3 types of cells making up intestinal glands and brush border

A

Goblet cells: Secreting mucous
Paneth Cells: Secreting lysosomes (phagocytes)
Lacteal: Middle of each villus, absorbs large fats into lymph

74
Q

What hormones are secreted by cells along the brush border

A

S-cells (secretin)
CCK -cells (Cholecystokinin)
K-cells (Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide)

75
Q

Brunner’s glands (Duodenal glands)

A

Important, secretes alkaline secretion
- Important for neutralizing acidic environment coming from the stomach

76
Q

MMC

A

Migrating motility complex

77
Q

Chemical digestion that occurs in mouth, stomach and SI

A

M Carbs

S Proteins Fats

SI ALL

78
Q

How fats absorbed into the bloodstream

A

Fats = micelle → brush border → TG → chylomicrons → lacteal of villus

79
Q

Role of the LI

A

5% of absorption, fine tuning vitamin absorption and H2o absorption
- Role in bacteria production (good)
- Some ions/vitamins absorption finished up
- Produce bacteria that will help digestion.

80
Q

Cells in mucosa/submucosa of LI

A

i) Intestinal Glands: Openings that go down into ducts

ii) Lamina Propria: Connective tissue (In each of the glands/elevations)

iii) Lymphatic Nodules: Green clusters part of immunity system

Goblet cells: produce mucous still

81
Q

Teniae Colie

A

Longitudinal muscle in LI

82
Q

Phases of digestion

A

Cephalic

Gastric

Intestinal

83
Q

Glycemic index

A

(How quickly do carbohydrates go from digestion to absorption)

  • High glycemic (20-30 minutes from breakdown to absorption
  • Low glycemic (1.5-2hr to go from digestion to absorption)
84
Q

3 components of the filtration membrane

A

i) Glomerular endothelial cells with fenestrations
* Mesangial Cell

ii) Basal Lamina
iii) Podocyte

85
Q

Facultative reabsorption occurs under direction of which hormone?

A

ADH

86
Q

How does Antidiuretic hormone work

A

Increase in osmolarity (stimulus)

Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect change

increase ADH release in blood

Increase permeabiilty of cells in DCT and collecting duct (by increasing aquaporin -2)

Facultative Water reabsorption

osmolarity normal

87
Q

ADH affects on permability of ducts

A

When ADH high, DCT more permeable therefore more H2O reabsorped and less urine produced

88
Q

Plasma Creatine blood test

A
  • If blood creatinine level went up dramatical GFR level is not as functional/efficient as it should be

BIO 242 (17 decks)

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