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BIO 242 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Examples of protective structures in the spinal cord?

A

Vertabral colulumn
Meninges

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2
Q

Meninges

A

Layers of connective tissue that surround the spinal cord and the brain

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3
Q

Where are meninges located

A

Spine AND brain

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4
Q

Epidural space

A

Space bw vertabral wall and first layer of connective tissue (dura mater)

  • Lots of fat and connective tissue
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5
Q

Dura Mater

A
  • Official first layer, most superficial layer
  • Made of tough irregular connective tissue
  • “tough mother”
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6
Q

What is subdural space

A

Filled with interstitial fluid
- Underneath dura mater

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7
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

Very delicate collagan w/ elastic tissue
- is AVASCLAR (no/very poor blood supply)

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8
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Below Arachnoid mater
Filled with CSF

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9
Q

Pia Mater

A

Most delicate transparent layer of connective tissue
- Very vascular
- “delicate mother”
- Lays right on brain and spinal cord
- Supplies a lot of blood into nervous tissue.

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10
Q

Denticulate Ligaments

A
  • Helps hold the spinal cord in its location.
  • An extension of the pia mater
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11
Q

Spinal Cord Diamer

A

2cm

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12
Q

When does spinal cord stop growing?

A

4-5 yrs
42-54 cm
From Medulla to L3-4

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13
Q

Cervical Enlargement

A
  • From 4th Cervical to Thoracic 1
  • Where nerves that control upper limbs will leave the spinal cord
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14
Q

Lumbar Enlargement

A
  • Thoracic 9-12
  • Nerves that control lower limbs leave the spinal cord
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15
Q

Conus Medullaris

A
  • End of spinal cord “proper”
  • Just below the lumbar enlargement
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16
Q

Filum Terminale

A
  • An extension of the pia mater that anchors the spinal cord the coccyx
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17
Q

Cauda Equina

A
  • “horses tail” appearance
  • AFTER the proper spinal cord ends, spinal nerves continue to go down before going out to their region
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18
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

C = 1-8 (Actually only 7 vertabrae)
T = 1-12
L = 1-5
S = 1-5
Co = 1

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19
Q

Where do Spinal Taps take CSF out of?

A

Subarachnoid Space
- Bw lumbar 3-4 OR 4-5 into subarachnoid space
- Spinal cord proper has stopped by this location

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20
Q

Spinal Nerves are

A

paths of communication between the spinal cord and the nerves innervating specific regions of the body (MOTOR NEURONS)
- connected to the spinal cord by two bundles of axons called roots.

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21
Q

Types of Spinal Nerves

A
  • Mixed nerves
    i). Posterior (dorsal root) - sensory
    ii). Anterior (ventral) root – motor
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22
Q

Posterior Dorsal root (Spinal Nerve)

A

Sensory - Incoming
Carries sensory info
- A ganglion is the location of a collection of cell bodies
- Sensory information travels to association (inter) neuron

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23
Q

Anterior Ventral Root (Spinal Nerve)

A

Motor
-From CNS outward
-Most of the 31 spinal nerves are mixed (Carrying both motor and sensory information)

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24
Q

Denticulate ligaments

A

Lateral extensions of pia mater that fuse with arachnoid mater and secure the spinal cord.

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25
Q

Purpose of subarachnoid space?

A

To cushion the Spinal Cord

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26
Q

Purpose of Cervical Enlargement of spinal cord

A

The location of nuclei for the upper extremities

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27
Q

Purpose of Lumbar enlargement

A

contains Nuclei for lower extremities

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28
Q

What is the Conus medullaris

A

End of the spinal cord (Bw L1 and L2)

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29
Q

Schwann cells are also

A

Neurolemmacells

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30
Q

Where are satellite cells found?

A

Dorsal root ganglion of sensory neurons

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31
Q

What is reflex

A

Automatic, fast, predictable, is a response

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32
Q

What is the H zone?

A

The area of Gray matter in the middle of the spinal cord that fluctuates in size depending on it’s location vertically

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33
Q

What is the center back “crevice” of the spinal cord?
Center front?

A

Posterior Median sulcus
Anterior Median Fissure

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34
Q

What are specific areas of the white matter in the spinal cord referred to as?

A

(location) white column

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35
Q

What are areas of gray matter in the spinal cord referred to as?

A

(Location) gray horn

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36
Q

Sensory receptros condunct AP from WHERE to WHERE

A

Receptors into spinal nerves (posterior root)

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37
Q

What is the track of sensory neurons travelling into the spinal cord for a “Spinal reflex”?

A

Dorsal root Ganglion - Into posterior Gray horn - synapse with interneurons - synapse with somatic motor neurons - “Spinal Reflex”

38
Q

How many spinal nerves?

A

31 pairs

39
Q

Connective tissue convering spinal nerves

A

Epineureum
Perineureum
Fascicle
Endoneureum

40
Q

Branches (rami) of spinal nerves

A

Posterior
Anterior
Meningeal
Rami communicates

41
Q

Plexusese

A

Network of nerves

42
Q

5 main networks of nerves throughout the body?

A

Cervical, Brachial, Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccygeal

43
Q

Where do the Cervical plexus span?

A

C1-C5

44
Q

Where do the Brachial plexus span?

A

C4-T2

45
Q

Where do the Lumbar plexus span?

A

L1-L5

46
Q

Where do the Sacral and Coccygeal plexus span?

A

L4-S5

47
Q

Where do most herniated discs occur?

A

L3/L4

48
Q

What does disfunction of Brachial nerves result in?

A

Palsy, wrist drop, winging of right scapula

49
Q

What is a Dermatome?

A

The area of the skin that provides sensory input
to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerves

i.e. Checking bottom of feet for sensation

50
Q

What are the acsending neurons?

A

Sensory - going towards the brain

51
Q

Descending Neurons

A

Motor

52
Q

White columns carry what?

A

Bundles of nerve axons - tracts on sensory AND motor pathways

53
Q

Anytime a pathway travels up throught the spinal cord it travels by:

A

A column of the white matter

54
Q

What info does spinothalamic Tract carry?

A

Impulse for pain, temp, itch and tickle

55
Q

What info does Posterior Column Tract Carry?

A

AKA gracile and cuneate faciculus [bundle]
Proprioception (Body movement/position), discriminative touch, two point touch, pressure, vibrations

56
Q

Two major outgoing (motor) patjways

A

Direct (pyramidal) and Indirect (Extrapyrmaidal)

57
Q

Direct motor pathways

A
  • Originate in cerebellum
  • Precice, voluntary, skeletal muscle movement

Know the 3
- a) Lateral Corticospinal Tracts
b) Anterior Corticospinal Tracts
c) Corticobulbar Tracts

58
Q

Indirect motor pathways

A

Automatic responses + Movements
Muscle tone, equilibrium
- Coordinate boy + head
-All carry impulses from brain stem

Know the 5
a) Rubrospinal Tracts
b) Tectospinal Tracts
c) Vestibulospinal Tracts
d) Lateral reticulospinal tracts
e) Medial reticulospinal tract

59
Q

How to understand motor pathway tract names?

i.e.
a) Rubrospinal Tracts
b) Tectospinal Tracts
c) Vestibulospinal Tracts
d) Lateral reticulospinal tracts
e) Medial reticulospinal tract

A

First part tells where it comes from and spinal is where it ends

60
Q

Two ways spinal cord promotes homeostasis

A

Conducting motor+sensory APs
Reflexes (autonomic responses)
- Spinal cord = intergration center in involuntary movements

61
Q

Cranial nerves reflex intergration center?

A

Brain stem - for eye tracking

62
Q

Somatic nerve reflex ?

A

Contraction of skeletal muscle

63
Q

Autonomic (Viceral) reflex?

A

Effects Smooth and cardiac muscles and glands

64
Q

Spinal nerve reflex?

A

Integration in spinal cord

i.e knee jerk

65
Q

5 components of all reflexes

A
  1. Sensory receptor (generate GP/AP)
  2. Sensory Neuron (Carries impulses)
  3. Integration Center (Interneuron, cortex, brainstem, cerebellum - regions contribute to final outcome)
  4. Motor Neuron
    (Impulse conducted back towards effecter)
    5.Effector
66
Q

Monosynaptic

A

Sensory pathway involving only one synapse

67
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Sensory and motor on same side of spinal cord

68
Q

Reciprocal inhibition

A

Contraction of one muscle causes relaxation of antagonist muscle

69
Q

Muscle spindle

A

Receptor located in muscle fiber

If rate/length of stretch = greater than normal, muscle spindle is activated (reflex/protective mechanism)

70
Q

Axon collateral

A

Additional axons that travel to other regions of CNS

71
Q

Describe Tendon reflex

A

Ipsilateral
Muscle spindle creates tension if actibated

72
Q

Golgi Tendon Organ

A

Monitors amount of force/tension
GTOs always present if there are tendons
- ipsilateral
-Causes reflex relaxation to prevent damage from extreme force
- Polysynaptic

73
Q

Purpose of GTO

A

Reduce damage that could occur

74
Q

Flexor Reflex

A

Withdraw reflex (Pain stimulus)
- Polysynaptic
- Ipsilateral
- Intersegmental

75
Q

Intersegmental

A
  • More than just one spinal cord segment
    (hamstring is large muscle, controlled by more than one spinal nerve)
76
Q

Crossed Extensor Reflex

A

To support other leg/limb during withdraw reflex

  • Polysynaptic
    -Contralateral
  • Intersegmental
77
Q

Contralateral

A

Sensory and motor neurons are on opposite sides of body

78
Q

Babinski sign

A

Positive: Great toe extends
Negative: No extension (Unless younger than 1.5 yrs)

79
Q

Babinski sign positive older than 1.5 yrs indicates?

A

corticospinal tract lesions

80
Q

Abdominal Reflex

A

Belly button shifts twoards laterally stroked abdominal wall

Negative: Cortical spinal tract issue, lesions in PNS, intergration center OR MS

81
Q

Negative Achilles Reflex due to

A

diabetes, neurosyphilis, alcoholism

82
Q

Shingles

A
  • Infection of varicella virus (took up residence in spinal ganglia (posterior root))
  • Later on (under stress) the vurus appears along pathway of specific dermatone
  • Surfaces as raised blisters, persisting
83
Q

Spinal Cord compression

A

If spinal cord compressed but not severed (Transected)
- For period of time, appearance of spinal cord trauma
-Most of functions can/will return (if not cutting occurred)

84
Q

What do degenerative NS diseases generally cause?

A

demyelination, breaking of neuronal pathways

85
Q

Meningitis

A
  • Infection of meninges (connenctive tissue surrounding spinal cord)
  • Have to test CSF
  • Viral OR bacterial (particular deadly)
  • Can result in death or amputations
86
Q

How do epidural blocks work?

A
  • Injecting anisthetic into epidural space (in meningeal layer)
  • Lose sensation.
  • In lumbar spine for birthing
87
Q

Complete Transection

A

Severed

88
Q

Incomplete “quad”

A

Spinal compression BUT NOT transection resulting in quadriplegia with potential to improve function dramatically

89
Q

adult length of spinal cord vs newborn

A

Adult - Runs from Medulla to L2
Newborn- Runs from Medulla to L3-4

90
Q

Disorder associated with Brachial plexus?

A

Winging of R scapula, wrist drop, Palsy

91
Q

Name 4 principal reflexes

A

Stretch, Tendon, Flexor (withdraw), Crossed Extension

BIO 242 (17 decks)

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