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BIO 242 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the brain like at 3-4 weeks of development?

A

Already 3 distinct divisions of the brain

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2
Q

What are the 5 divisions of the brain seen at 5 weeks of development?

A
  • Telencephalon
  • Diencephalon
  • Mesencephalon
  • Metencephalon
  • Myelencephalon
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3
Q

Four principle parts of brain?

A
  • Brain stem
  • Cerebellum
  • Diencephalon
  • Cerebrum (cortex)
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4
Q

Ratio of neurons to neuroglia cells?

A

10x number of neuroglia cells

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5
Q

3 components of brainstem

A

Mid brain
Pons
medulla

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6
Q

Brain stem attatchment to spinal cord?

A

Continuous

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7
Q

Role of brain stem?

A

Similar role to ANS

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8
Q

What is the cerebellum

A

Inferior to hemispheres, posterior to brainstem
- Voluntary movement control

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9
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

Just above brainstem
Thalamus, hypo thamlamus, and epithalamus (Pineal gland is part of epi)
- Regulates Emotions

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10
Q

What is the Cerebrum?

A

AKA cortex
- Cognition and intelligence

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11
Q

5 aspects of brain development in 1st year (after birth)

A
  1. Hypertrophy (increase in size) of neuroglial cells
  2. Proliferation (Multiplication) of neuroglial cells
  3. Increase in number of synapses (existing neurons forming connects)
  4. Increased dendrite branching (connect to more other neurons)
  5. Increase in myelination (Lack of myelination reason for lack of motor coordination)
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12
Q

Protective coverings of CNS (Plus spaces)

A

Epidural Space
Dura Mater
Subdural space
Arachnoid Mater
Subarachnoid Space
Pia Mater

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13
Q

Epidural Space

A

a space between
the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal

Filled with cushion of fat and protective tissue

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14
Q

Dura mater

A

Toughest meninge layer

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15
Q

Subdural space

A

Does not exist in skull - DM and AM fused together (But still called a space)
In spine is full of interstitial fluid

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16
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

Middle connective tissue layer
- Avascular

Fused with Dura mater in Skull

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17
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

Space beneath arachnoid mater containing CSF

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18
Q

Pia Mater

A
  • Inner most delicate tissue that lies right on top of brain tissue
  • Very vascular, blood vessels go into brain (jugular vein takes blood out)
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19
Q

4 Major blood vessels bringing blood to brain

A

Internal carotid (Page 835) (21.19)

  1. Vertebral arteries (Page 835)
  2. Circle of Willis (Page 835) (21.19)
  3. Internal Jugular veins (Page 850) (21.24
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20
Q

Glucose and brain

A
  • Brain requires constant supply of glucose
    Brain CAN break down fats for energy as well, but glucose is best
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21
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Glucose levels dropping results in fainting

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22
Q

Brain percent of body weight

A

2%

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23
Q

What amount of the cardiac output does brain use?

A

20%

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24
Q

Brain and relation to O2 and blood

A

Requires continuous supply of O2 and blood
- If deprived 1-2 minutes will not generally result in long term problems
- 4-5 minutes is where long term problems will occur, commonly occur months or years later

Cold reduces demands of brain therefore can last longer without O2

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25
Q

BBB

A

Specific to capillaries and brain tissues
- Capillaries in brain have astrocytes, tight junctions bw cells
- Prevents pathogens from getting into blood and into brain tissue
- Demands differences for medication treatment
- Trauma to head/brain can break the barrier

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26
Q

What sort of things can breach BBB

A

Proteins, antibodies, viruses, anything water soluble CANNOT

Most lipid soluble (O2,CO2, alcohol, anesthetic) CAN

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27
Q

Extensions of dura mater

A

Falx cerebi
Falx cerebelli
Tentorium cerebelli

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28
Q

Falx cerebi

A

Arm of dura mater - Separates L and R hemispheres (Still communicate)

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29
Q

Falx cerebelli

A

Arms of dura mater Separates Cerebellum into L and R hemispheres

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30
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

Dura mater arms seperates Cerebrum from cerebellum

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31
Q

4 main hollows of brain

A

Lateral ventricles (1 in each hem)
3rd Ventricle (Inferior to Laterals)
4th Ventricle (Aprox Brain stem location)

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32
Q

Where is CSF found?

A

All ventricles filled with CSF
- All ventricles produce and collect CSF

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33
Q

What is CSF composed of ?

A

predominantly water, also O2, glucose, protein, WBCs (Type and number of WBCs varies if person is healthy or not)

Normal amount 80-150mL CSF at a given time

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34
Q

Arachnoid Villus

A

(fingerlike projections)
- At Locations where CSF is reabsorbed back into blood
- Poke into sinuses

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35
Q
  • Choroid Plexuses
A

(network of capillaries)
- Found along with ependymal cells in all of the ventricles
- Produce CSF

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36
Q
  • Superior Sagittal Sinus
A

(On top of the brain, midline, cavity)
- Number one site of reabsorption of cerebral spinal fluid

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37
Q

3 Ways CSF contributes to homeostasis

A

Mechanical
- Shock absorbers
b) Chemical
- Tries to keep electrolytic chem environment ideal for APs
c) Circulation
- Provides circulation pathway for nutrients and O2 to pass through
- Runs down central canal (Spinal tube)
- Reabsorbed back into blood

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38
Q

CSF circulation

A

Choroid plexus (Lat ventricles)
3rd Ventricle
4th Ventricle
Central Canal & Subarachnoid space

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39
Q

How is the CSF removed from brain

A

Intraventricular foramine
Cerebral aqueduct
Apertures

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40
Q

Ideal CSF absorbtion rate

A

20mL per hour

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41
Q

How is CSF reabsorbed?

A

Arachoid villi and superior sagittal sinus

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42
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Overproduction of CSF from infection or inflammation (Water in the brain)

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43
Q

Nuclei/us

A

Clusters of cell bodies inside CNS

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44
Q

Parts of brainstem

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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45
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Ascending and descending (Sensory Motor tracts)

Nuclei for CV, HR, BP, Blood vessel, vomiting, swallowing, sneezing etc.)

. Olive (Olivary Nucleus)

Cuneate Nucleus and Gracile Nucleus (R&L)

Nuclei for sensory/motor input/output of cranial nerves VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

Nuclei for taste, hearing and equilibrium sensory pathways

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46
Q

Cuneate Nucleus and Gracile Nucleus

A

Relay info to and from the thalamus
Thalamus depetermines where info needs to go
Moniter touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception (Body awarenss, movement, joint positions)

Part of Medulla

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47
Q

Important Nuclei of the Pons

A

Pontine Nuclei
Vestibular Nuclei
Pneumotaxic Area
Apneustic Area
Nuclei for 4 pairs of cranial nerves

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48
Q

Mesencephalon

A

AKA Midbrain
Extends from Pons to diencephalon

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49
Q

Parts of Midbrain

A

Cerebral aqueduct passes through
Cerebral Peduncles
Tectum (Posterior)
Substantia Nigra (L & R)
Red Nucleus (L and R)

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50
Q

Cerebral Peduncles (anterior)

A

Paired bundle of axons in midbrain

Carry cortical spinal tracts (motor impulse to spine)
- Carry Cortical bulbar tracts
- Carry Cortical pontine tracts

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51
Q

Tectum (Posterior) parts (2)

A

Superior colliculi (2) – reflexes of head, neck and trunk + Scanning/tracking
) Inferior colliculi (2)
- Reflexes for head, neck and trunk for auditory stimuli
- Startle reflex

Posterior part of midbrain

52
Q

Substantia Nigra (L & R)

A

Produces NT: Dopamine
- Dopamine controls subconscious motor movements

Part of midbrain

53
Q

What is Parkinsons and what is the culprit

A

Underproduction and problem binding of Dopamine

Substantia Nigra

54
Q

Red Nucleus

A

Part of the midbrain that Connects the cerebellum and cortex (Voluntary movement control)
Good blood supply

55
Q

Reticular Formation

A

a netlike region of interspersed
gray and white matter that extends through brainstem

Contains Motor and sensory neurons
Important in RAS

56
Q

RAS

A

Reticular Activation System
- Body’s alarm clock
- More active RAS = more awake
- Less Active RAS = sleepy
Stimulated by all senses but smell
Helps regulate sleep cycle

57
Q

What sense does not not stimulate the RAS

A

Smell

58
Q

What seperates cerebellum from cerebrum

A

Transverse fissure (And tentorium cerebelli)

59
Q

Ataxia

A
  • Damage to cerebellum (trauma, tumor, alcohol abuse, motor skills less refined, sppech less fluent)
60
Q

What is an alcohol test a test of

A

cerebellar test – alcohol decreases function of cerebellum

61
Q

Diencephalon

A

Extends from brain stem to cerebrum
- Includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
- Many rooms/compartments in thalamus
Relay station for info coming in and coming out

62
Q

Thalamus role

A

Keeps a person conscious

63
Q

Hypothalamus four major regions

A

i) Mammillary Region
- Reflex for olfaction

ii) Tuberal Region
- Connects Pituitary gland to hypothalamus

iii) Supraoptic Region
- Main area that controls Pit gland

iv) Preoptic Region
- Works along with brain stem for autonomic NS control

64
Q

Hypothalamus funcitnos

A

ANS control
Hormone Production (Linked to pit gland)
Emotional/behavioural regularion (Along with limbic sys)
Eating/drinking regulation
BOdy Temp contrl
Circadian rythy/arousal control (24 hr awake sleep cycle)
- Makes tired when dark, awake when light

65
Q

2 Components of Epithalamus

A

Pineal Gland and Habenular Nuclei

66
Q

Role of Pineal Gland

A
  • Secretes melatonin (main hormone responsible for sleepy feeling vs awake feeling)
  • Light correlates with melatonin release (Daylight savings affects awakeness)
67
Q

Role of Habenular Nuclei

A
  • Links emotion to olfaction (Positive or negative to smell)
  • 80% of taste linked to smell
68
Q

Circumventricular Organs (CVO’s)

A

Receptor structures that primary measure pH levels
- Signals hypothalamus
- Wherever there are CVOs there is NO BBB

69
Q

5 Lobes of Cerebrum

A

Frontal, Parietal, temporal, occipital, Insula

70
Q

Cerebrum responsible for

A

Intelligence, cognition, personality

71
Q

Corpus Callosum

A
  • Myelinated white tracts which connect R to L hemispheres
  • Large area in the center of the brain
  • Sensory and motor back and forth
72
Q

Most well known fissure

A

Longitudinal Fissure

73
Q

Gyrus

A
  • Each bump or ridge in brain
  • Typically gyrus’s in opposite sides of brain handle similar kinds of information
74
Q

Central Sulcus

A

(Front to back, motor (in front) sensory in back)

75
Q

Cerebral White matter made up of

A

Myelinated axons and tracts

76
Q

Types of myelinated tracts

A

Association tracts
- Gyrus to Gyrus (Same hem)
Commissural Tracts
- Gyrus to Gyrus (opp. hem.)
Projection Tracts
- Cerebrum decending to other part of CNS (Thalamus usually and then elsewhere)

77
Q

Basal Ganglia/nuclei (3) + lumped roles

A

Basal Nuclei if in CNS

  • Globus pallidus
  • Putamen
  • Caudate nucleus

In general, they are all involved in voluntary motor control
- Info on when to initiate movement (Anticipation) and when to terminate a movement.
- Distributed in each hemisphere (Clusters of grey matter

78
Q

Limbic System

A

Emotional region of the brain
- Important for memories
Hippocampus
Amygdala

encircles upper part of brain stem

79
Q

Hippocampus

A

Part of the limbic system responsible for
- Linking memories to smell
- Important for memories

80
Q

Amydala

A

Part of limbic system responsible for:
Rage, anger, fear, affection
- Antisocial behaviours (serial killer)

81
Q

Detatchment syndrome

A

Lack of affetion in childhood resulting in amydala issues

82
Q

Problems associated with amydala

A

Parkinson’s(midbrain more) , Schizophrenia, OCD, Anxiety (Limbic basal nuclei challenes)

83
Q

What divides anterior from posterior brain

A

Central Sulcus

84
Q

What type of neurons are typically associated with anterior brain vs posterior?

A

Front is motor
Back is sensory

85
Q

Primary somatosensory areas

A

Touch, tickle, pressure, itch

86
Q

Primary visual area Injuries

A

Impact ransfers to opposite side of brain
- Concussion resulting in double vision

87
Q

Primary auditory area

A

Temporal lobe close to ears

88
Q

Primary gustatory area

A
  • Taste, receive most of incoming sensory information and typically allow for discrimination (identification of sensation)
89
Q

Primary olfactory area

A
  • Smell, , receive most of incoming sensory information and typically allow for discrimination (identification of sensation)
90
Q

Motor Primary motor area

A

(front of cerebral cortex) – anterior to central sulci
- Large expanse of area
- Areas that need more control require large areas of cortex controlling them (discreet muscle requires more neurological control)

91
Q

Broca’s area

A

Frontal Lobe
Linked to correct speaking (allows for articulation)

92
Q

Aphasia

A
  • Condition where damage occurs to Wernicke’s or brokers OR both

Resulting in speaking disability

93
Q

Wernicke’s association area

A

Used in Word choice

94
Q

Non- Fluent aphasia

A

Damage to brokers area (mind knows what it wants to say but you cannot articulate and vocalize)

95
Q

Fluent aphasia

A

Damage primarily Wernicke’s area (Say a whole bunch of words that don’t make sense)

96
Q

Association areas anterior to motor area

A
  • Assistant to primary areas
  • Mainly with the motor area
  • Give clarity to motor areas so correct decision can be made
97
Q

Somatosensory area

A
  • Allow to determine the texture of two objects
  • Refine sensory input
98
Q

Visual association area

A
  • Help visual area to evaluate and analyze type of picture
99
Q

How does facial recognition occur

A
  • Mainly temporal lobe inferior that works along with visual to recognize someone’s face when you see them
100
Q

Left brain more linked to

A

to math, chemistry, physics – logical thinking and reasoning
- More developed left brain would pick up sign language faster than someone on the right side

101
Q

RIght brain more linked to

A

Creativity, music, art etc.

102
Q

4 types of brian waves

A

Alpha, beta, theta, delta

103
Q

How are brainwaves measured?

A

Electrodes measure APs in brain

104
Q

What are alpha waves?

A

(8-13 cycles per second normal) for adult who is awake with eyes closed (not asleep)

105
Q

Beta waves

A
  • Beta waves: (14-30 cycles per second): dominant brain wave when receiving lots of sensory input – many APS firing around
106
Q

Theta waves

A

(4-7 Cycles per second): dominant brain wave when under severe emotional distress

107
Q

Delta waves

A

(1-5 Cycles per second): dominant in adult during deep sleep and newborns and infants when they’re awake.

108
Q

What is PTSD in relation to brain waves?

A

Brain wave pattern changed from what would be the ideal

109
Q

What is does distortion on the brain mean

A

Pressure

110
Q

What is transection

A

Puncture or damage to brian

  • Usually translates into change in O2 supply and number of free radi
111
Q

Contusion

A

Bruising (microscopic blood vessels are leaking)
- blood vessels of pia matter
- Blood may get into subarachnoid space
- Unconsciousness is longer
- Reflexes ara slower
- BP may drop due to bleeding

112
Q

Laceration of brain

A
  • Tearing/puncture of brain
  • Knife wound, gunshot
  • Pia mater and larger blood vessels damaged
  • Cerebral hematoma (blood collection and swelling of brain)
  • If bleeding is severe and is not addressed it will pool and increase pressure on brain
113
Q

12 cranial nerves

A
  • Olfactory Nerve (I)
    sensory nerve of smell
    nasal mucosa to olfactory bulbs
    through cribiform plate of ethmoid bone
  • Optic Nerve (II)
    sensory nerve of vision
    forms optic chiasm
  • Oculomotor Nerve (III)
    motor nerve of extrinsic eye muscles
  • Trochlear Nerve (IV)
    motor to superior oblique
  • Trigeminal Nerve(V)
    sensory to face, motor to mouth
    ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular divisions
  • Abducens Nerve (VI)
    motor to lateral rectus
  • Facial Nerve (VII)
    sensory and motor face to face
    temporal, zygomatic, bucal, mandibular, cervical branches
  • Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII)
    sensory from ear
    hearing and equilibrium
  • Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
    sensory and motor to tongue and pharynx
  • Vagus Nerve (X)
    sensory and motor to many organs
    extends beyond head and neck
  • Accessory Nerve (XI)
    motor to neck
    cranial and spinal roots
  • Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)
    motor to tongue
114
Q

How does aging affect the brain?

A

AP potentioal velocity decreases with aging
Less efficient
Reflexes are slower
It takes older adults longer to take in info and respond
Drive slower bc everything is coming so fast

115
Q

CVA

A
  • Cerebral vascular accident (Stroke)
  • Some region of brain dies off
  • I.e. intercranial bleed
  • Decussation (motor and sensory pathways cross over in medulla in brain) results in opposite side effected by stroke
116
Q

TIA

A

(Transient Ischemic Attack)
- Minutes to 24 hrs someone has symptoms of stroke
- Then things return back to normal
- Generally a stroke is more likely to occur within the next five years

117
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

Type of dementia
- Early onset is becoming more prevalent
- Remember experiences with greater emotion
- Struggle with forming new memories

118
Q

ADHD

A
  • Identified as a different style of learning
  • IQ is not less
  • Different way of processing emotion
  • Riddelliine was the old prescription
119
Q

Part of brain housing respiratory and cardiovascular control centers?

A

Medulla

120
Q

What are pyramids in the medulla?

A

Bulges of white on anterior surface

121
Q

Decussation of pyramids?

A

90% of motor tracts controlling skeletal muscles from medulla cross to opposite side of body

122
Q

What and where are cerebral peduncles

A

Midbrain
White fibers connecting upper and lower brain areas

123
Q

Superior colliculi

A

Reflex center in midbrain controlling eye, head and neck movement with visual stimulization

124
Q

Inferior colliculi

A

Part of midbrain containing Relfexcenter for head and trunk movement in response to auditory stimulus

125
Q

What works with the medulla to control respiration?

A

Pons

126
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Outer grey matter of cerebellum

127
Q

Cerebral peduncles

A

wo stalks that attach the cerebrum to the brainstem

BIO 242 (17 decks)

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