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BIO 242 > CH 22 > Flashcards

CH 22 Flashcards

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1
Q

function of lymph

A
  • Lymph node’s location of many immunity responses
  • Return blood
    i) Drainage of excess interstitial fluid
    ii) Transport of dietary lipids
    iii) Immune Response
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2
Q

Innate immunity:

A

The immunity u are born with (Healthy skin, mucous lining, sweat, digestive linings)

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3
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Acquired immunity (As exposed to new pathogens throughout life)
- Basis of vaccines

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4
Q

Flow of lymph

A
  • Begins as interstitial fluid.
  • Ends up in lymphatic system.
  • Eventually up in subclavian system lymph fluid is put back in venous system
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5
Q

Lymphatic tissue

A

Structures and organs that are part of the lymphatic systems (Lyph nodes, spleen etc.)

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6
Q

Red Bone Marrow:

A

Where the first part of much of the lymphatic system and immunity begins.

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7
Q

iii) Immune Response of lymph system

A
  • Lymphatic system is one of the locations where the immune response takes place
  • General AND/OR specific response
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8
Q

i) Drainage of excess interstitial fluid

A
  • When pressure builds up, interstitial fluid should be returned to the bloodstream
  • Edema: Excess interstitial fluid
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9
Q

Edema

A

Excess of interstitial fluid

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10
Q

ii) Transport of dietary lipids

A
  • Some of the fats are not absorbed from the gut to bloodstream.
  • They go from gut to lymphatic THEN back into the bloodstream.
  • Water soluble go from water to bloodstream
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11
Q

iii) Immune Response

A
  • Lymphatic system is one of the locations where the immune response takes place
  • General AND/OR specific response
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12
Q

How many lymph nodes in body

A

600 Lymph circulation is a closed circuit

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13
Q

lymphatic trunks

A

multiple lymph vessels form lymph trunks

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14
Q

Lymph capilleries compared to blood caps

A

Lymph vessels are larger

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15
Q

Formation of lymph

A
  • Starts as plasma then eventually it becomes interstitial fluid and then once it moves from interstitial spaces into lymphatic vessels it is called lymph
  • When interstitial fluid builds up it causes anchoring filament to pull on the capillary allowing interstitial fluid to flow in, increasing the formation of lymph (Only flows in, SHOULD NOT flow out of capillary)
  • Capilleries and vessels do not have smooth muscels, make use of skeletal muscle pump – when muscles contract it pushes lymph uphill against gravity, aiding in returning lymph to venous system
  • Breathing pushes lymph uphill towards subclavian
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16
Q

How much lymph produced and reabsorbed per day

A
  • Abt 3L per day produced (AND 3L per day reabsorbed)
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17
Q

How does the flow of lymph go

A
  • Lymph vessels generally follows pathways of blood vessels

If doctors are to increase lymph flow they must massage it upwards NOT downwards

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18
Q

sequence of lymph

A

Blood capillaries → interstitial spaces → lymphatic capillaries → lymphatic vessels → nodes and trunks → L & R lymphatic ducts → subclavian veins/jugular

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19
Q

Flow of lymph assisted by which two pumps?

A

Skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump (breathing moves lymph)

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20
Q

Edema

A

Excesssive interstitial fluid ( part of body gets puffy)

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21
Q

Two classifications of lymphatic organs and tissues

A

Primary lymphatic organs and tissues
Secondary lymph organs and tissues

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22
Q

Primary lymphatic organs and tissues

A

where stem cells (proliferate AKA) divide and become immunocompetent (Capable of producing immune response)
- Ex. Red bone marrow (key site), Thymus gland
- Where immune cells are produced

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23
Q

Secondary lymphatic organs and tissues

A

sites where immune response takes place (thymus, nodes, spleen, and lymphatic nodules (Very small lymph node without outer capsule))
- Locations where immune response takes place

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24
Q

Thymus

A
  • BEST know for site of where Pre T Cells become mature and learn job description of immunity
  • Component of both primary and secondary lymphatic organs
  • Thymus gland atrophies over time and thus immunity system declines over time
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25
Q

Trabeculae of thymus

A
  • An extension of the capsule that descends to the interior, separating the thymus into rooms (Lobules)
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26
Q

Cortex of thymus

A

T-cells (Most are pre T cells – not mature enough for an immune response)- Maturing means learning what cells in body to leave alone and what cells to attack,
dendritic cells (Educators: Help pre T cells become mature T cells),
epithelial cells (Produce hormones that help T cells mature)and
macrophages (Clean up Pre T cells that fail the course and die off – Only 2-3% of T cells mature)

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27
Q

Medulla of thymus

A

Part of outer region of lobule

more mature T-cells (Will eventually leave thymus and go into lymph system and travel through the body),

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28
Q

Epithelial cells of thymus

A

Part of the outer region of the lobule

(Continue to help secrete hormones for maturation of T cells), dendritic cells (Function as APC [Antigen presenting Cells] this cell identifies pathogen in body and marks it so immune cell knows what to attack) and macrophages

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29
Q

Thymus size

A
  • Thymus abt 70g in infants
  • In older adults could be less than 3g
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30
Q

Most superfiical lymph nodes

A

Neck and axilla

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31
Q

How many lymph nodes in body

A

Around 600

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32
Q

Function of lymph nodes

A
  • Trap pathogens and attempt to kill them off in the lymph node (Lymph fluid flows in afferent lymphatic vessels, pathogens get trapped inside the node, T cells will kill them off – this is why lymph nodes swell)
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33
Q

Capsule of lymph nodes

A

Outer connective tissue with fibroblasts

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34
Q

Stroma of node

A
  • Structural portion of lymph node (Trabecula is a part)
  • The frame in the house
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35
Q

Parenchyma of node

A
  • Portion of lymph node that trap and kill
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36
Q

Divisions of parenchyma of node

A

Superficial cortex and deep medulla

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37
Q

Superfiical cortex consists of

A

Outer cortex and inner cortex

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38
Q

Outer cortex of node

A
  • Some B cells
  • Follicular dendritic cells ATC
  • Macrophages
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39
Q

Inner cortex of node

A

Mainly T cells that are mature, secondary there are dendritic cells that are ATC
- B cells become plasma sells that produce antinbodies

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40
Q

Deep medulla of node

A
  • B cells
  • Plasma cells
  • Macrophages
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41
Q

Direction of lymph flow through a lymph node?

A

Afferent lymph vessel (Incoming only)

Subcapsular sinus

Trabecular sinus

Medullary sinus

Efferent lymph vessel

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42
Q

Characteristics of lymph in efferent vessel

A

(Cleaner, healthier, lymph fluid exits node)

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43
Q

Spleen

A
  • Very good blood supply
  • Capsule - serous membrane (visceral peritoneum)
  • Lots of fibroblasts
  • Stroma: Structtural
  • Outer connective tissue (capsule)
  • Trabecula : Internal portioin divided into lobules
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44
Q

Parecgyma of the spleen

A

Containing white pulp and red pulp

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45
Q

White pulp of the spleen

A

lymphocytes (WBC of many kinds)
Macrophages

Central arteries
Surrounds major blood vessesl coming in

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46
Q

Red pulp of parencyma in spleen

A

Venous sinuses
splenic (Billroth’s) cords (lympatic tissue

(All 5 found in splenic cord)
RBC
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Granulocytes

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47
Q

3 Additional jobs of spleen to immunity

A
  • Important for removing old worn out RBCS (typical lifespan is 120- days) and platelets (7-9 days till broken down and rebuilt) (Macrophages help)
  • Stores 30-35% of bodies platelets (Big part of blood control in homeostasis)
  • Key location in the production of RBCs
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48
Q

If spleen is removed, what takes over?

A

Liver and bone marrow must take over jobs of spleen

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49
Q

Where are lymphatic nodules found

A

Lamina propria (connective tissue) of mucous membranes lining the GI, urinary and repro tracts and respiratory airways

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50
Q

MALTS

A

(Mucosa- Associated Lymphatic Tissue)

Lymphatic nodules found in the mucous membrane tissue

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51
Q

Peyers patches

A

Congregation of whole bunch of lymphatic nodules (i.e tonsils)

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52
Q

Nonspecific resistance AKA

A

Innate immunity

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53
Q

What is nonspecific resistance

A

First line of defence

Wide variety of body responses
- Mechanical protection
- Chemical protection in loose connective tissue (sebum, lysozyme in sweat, gastric juice in stomach)

Second line
internal antimicrobial substance, phagocytic and natural killer cells, inflammation, and fever.

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54
Q

Antimicrobial proteins

A

proteins that fight against pathogens/microbes

Body cells infected with viruses produce proteins called interferons

IFNs also enhance the activity of phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, inhibit cell growth

transferrins inhibit cell growth

55
Q

What doe interferons and transferrins work againss

A

Bacteria and viruses

56
Q

Interferon

A

stop viruses from replicating also enhance the activity of phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cell

57
Q

Transferrin

A

proteins that inhibit cell growth by reducing the amount of iron available to certain bacteria

58
Q

NK cells

A

Natural killer cells are lymphocytes that lack the membrane molecules that identify T and B cells.

59
Q

MHC

A

major histocompatibility complex (marker on membrane of own cells saying “Please do not attack”) – protein markers on cell membranes

have the ability to kill a wide variety of infectious microbes plus certain spontaneously arising tumor cells.

60
Q

2 ways that NKs kill cells

A

. Release perforins (chemicals) into the plasma membrane of a microbe cytolysis occurs – chemicals that insert a hole into pathogen causing cytolosis (rupturing)

Bind to a target cell and inflict damage by direct contact (apoptosis).

61
Q

Neutrophils and macrophages are type sof

A

Phagocytes

62
Q

Wandering macrophages

A

(neutrophils and macrophages)
- Hop into blood stream and travel to problem area (most are neutrophils (smaller than macrophages)

63
Q

Fixed macrophages

A

(lung tissue, liver, lymph nodes

64
Q

Phases of phogocytosis

A
  • Chemotaxis
  • Adherence
  • Ingestion
  • Digestion
  • Killing and residual bodies
65
Q

When does inflammation occur?

A

occurs when cells are damaged by microbes, physical agents, or chemical agents. The injury may be viewed as a form of stress.

66
Q

Fever is caused by

A

infection from bacteria (and their toxins) and viruses. The high body temperature inhibits some microbial growth and speeds up body reactions that need repair.

67
Q

3 basic stages of inflammation

A

Vasodilation/increased permeability:

Emigration of phagocytes

Tissue repair

68
Q

First stage of inflammation

A

Vasodilation/increased permeability:

Blood vessels expand
- More ease of things in bloodstream exiting

69
Q

Chemotaxis

A

A process that makes a location more attractive to phagocytos (tell phags where to travel)

70
Q

What is the role of Histamines, kinins, prostoglandins, leukotrienes and complment protein systme in vasodialtion/increasing permeability

A
  • Histamines
  • Enhance permeability and dilation

Kinins
- Enhance permability, vasodilation, and chemotaxis agent

  • Prostaglandins
  • Usually chemicals relwased by cells that have been damaged enhance dialation and permeability

Leukotrienes
- Enhance permeability and dilation and also chemotaxic agent

  • complement protein system
  • Help in multiple places in the immunity system
71
Q

Second stage of inflammation

A

) Emigration of phagocytes

Phagocytes emigrate to where the problem is

leukocytosis:
After phagocytes engulf damaged tissue and microbes, they eventually die, forming a pocket of dead phagocytes and damaged tissue and fluid called pus. Pus must drain out of the body or it accumulates in a confined space, causing an abscess.

72
Q

Last stage of inflammation

A

Tissue repair

73
Q

What is a fever

A

An elevation of the hypothalamus caused by interleukins

74
Q

Purpose of fever

A

elevate body temperature causing it to be less hospitable to bacterial and infection

75
Q

What is immunity

A

the ability of the body to defend itself against specific invading agents.

76
Q

Antigens

A

substances recognized as foreign and cause the immune responses

77
Q

Distinguishing properties of immunity

A

specificity and memory.

78
Q

T cells and B cells derive from what

A

pluripotent stem cells in bone marrow

79
Q

Where do B cells complete their development

A

Bone marrow

80
Q

Where do T cells develop

A

develop from pre-T cells that migrate to the thymus.

81
Q

Types of adaptive immunity

A

Cell mediated
Anti-body mediated (humoral) (AMI)
Clonal Selection

82
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A

(CNI)

Destucion of antibodies by T cells, particularly effective against intracellular pathogens, such as fungi, parasites, and viruses;

Cells attacking cells

83
Q

Antibody mediated immunity

A

(AMI)
Destruction of antigens by antibodies

Mainly against antigens dissolved in body fluids and extracellulalr pathogens,, primaryly bacteria

Rarely enter body cells

84
Q

Clonal selection

A

process of a lymphocyte going through proliferation and differentiation → population of similar cells (clone).

85
Q

Effector cells examples

A

helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and plasma cells

86
Q

Antigens are both

A

Immunogenic and reactive

Most often proteins

87
Q

Immunogenicy

A

the ability to provoke an immune response by
stimulating the production of specific antibodies, the proliferation
of specific T cells, or both.

88
Q

Reactivity

A

the ability
of the antigen to react specifically with the antibodies or cells it
provoked.

89
Q

The specifc part of antigen molecules that trigger immune responses are

A

antigenic determinants, or epitopes

90
Q

Why do antigens exhibit great diversity

A

genetic recombination.

91
Q

Major hisocampatibility complex antigns OR HLA antigens

A

MHC
Unique to each persons body cells

Aid in detection of foreign invaders

. All cells except red blood cells display MHC class I antigens

92
Q

What does the success of organ/ tissue transplants depend on?

A

histocompatibility.

93
Q

What is neccessary for an immune response to occur

A

, B and T cells must recognize that a foreign antigen is present.

94
Q

How does a B cell react to a foreign antigen

A

binds to antigens in extracellular fluid

95
Q

How does a T cell react to an antign

A

can only recognize fragments of antigenic proteins that first have been processed and presented in association with MHC self-antigens.

96
Q

APCs

A

antigen-presenting cells

process exogenous antigens (antigens formed outside the body) and present them together with MHC class II molecules to T cells.

97
Q

Examples of APCs

A

macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells.

98
Q

How is an antigen processed and presented by APCs

A

ingestion of the antigen, digestion of antigen into peptide fragments, fusion of vesicles, binding of peptide fragments to MHC-II molecules, and insertion of antigen-MHC-II complex into the plasma membrane.

99
Q

Cytokines

A

small protein hormones needed for many normal cell functions

100
Q

Types of T cels

A

Help T cells (CD4 pattern)

Killer T cells (Tc)

Memory T cells (Tm)

101
Q

Memory T cells

A
  • Programmed to recognize the original invading antigen, allowing increased rate of immunity response if same pathogen invades again.
102
Q

Killer T ccells recognize what on antigens

A

antigen fragments associated with MHC-1 molecules.

103
Q

3 ways that killer T cells work

A

Perforin and Granulysin
- insert into the target cell membrane to form pores

	ii) Lymphotoxin: Activates damaging enzymes inside the target cell.

	iii) Granzymes: Killing infected virus cells or tumor cells with granzymes
104
Q

3 parts of antigen structure

A

Immunoglobulins
Binding site
Constant region

105
Q

5 Antibody actions

A

i) Neutralizing Antigen

ii) Immobilizing Bacteria

iii) Agglutinating and Precipitating Antigen

iv) Activating Complement

v) Enhancing Phagocytosis

106
Q

Role of complement system

A

group of about 30+ proteins present in blood plasma and on cell membranes

when activated, these proteins “complement” or enhance certain immune, allergic, and inflammatory reactions

Classical is direct route

107
Q

Membrane attack complex

A

creates channels in the
plasma membrane that result in cytolysis, the bursting of
the microbial cells due to the inflow of extracellular fluid
through the channels

108
Q

Constant region of antigen

A

The middle, is a region of structure that does not change for all immunoglobulins

109
Q

Agglutinating and Precipitating Antigen

A

When an antibody joins with an antigen it clumps together, causing it to fall out of the solution for phagocyte to deal with

110
Q

Immobilizing Bacteria antibody action

A

attack flagella or motor of cell thus rendering antigen immobile

111
Q

How does enhancing phagocytosis occur

A

once antibody jois to antigen causing Chemotaxis (attracting phagocytes)

112
Q

Neutralizing antigen antibody action

A

prevent attachment of antigen cells to healthy cells

113
Q

Opsonization

A
  • Process to enhance phagocytosis
  • Puts coating on microbe, attracting phagocyties and allows for beter binding
114
Q

Primary response of immunological immunity

A

(hopefully vaccine)
- IgG and IgM respond similarally at around 14 days

115
Q
  • Secondary Response in immunological immunity
A
  • Tremendous spike in IgG: Bc of memory cells produced in primary response
  • Relative spike in IgM
116
Q

Self recognition

A
  • self recognition: immunity cells recognize cells that belong in your body (MCH class one) as acceptable cells in the body and therefore do not react to them
117
Q
  • self tolerance:
A
  • self tolerance: Once imunity system recognizes those cells it will recognize tose cells and not produce a reaction
118
Q

Lack of cell tolerance

A

Immunity cells attack own cells

auto immune disease

119
Q

Agining afects on immune system

A
  • Young kids haven’t hadenough exposure
  • Older peoples immunity system decreases (Speed and strengthreduced over time)
  • Vaccines don’t produce the same response in older adults
  • B Cells and T cells are less responsive
  • Stress, smoking also influence immunity response
120
Q

Allergic reactions and immune syystem

A
  • Overactive immunity response: anaphylactic (nut allergy)
  • Treatment is antihistamines if mild
121
Q

infectious mononucleosis

A
  • When B cells are infected, malaise, desire to sleep a lot, spleen is greatly enlarged, brain affects
122
Q
  • Lupus – systematic lupus erythematous
A
  • Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease
  • Most common in females and 15-55 age group
  • Joint pain, bed ridden
  • Stress works against it
  • Genetic and environmental cause
123
Q

Specific disease response

A

for every specific disease encounters, the body will responds in a specific way

124
Q

Hapten

A

a substance that can combine with a specific antibody but lacks antigenicity of its own.

125
Q

All cells except ________ cells display MHC class I antigens.

A

RBCs

126
Q

Examples of APCs

A

Dendritic cells, B cells, Macrophages

127
Q

Cytokines

A

small protein hormones needed for many normal cell functions

Participate in immune functions

128
Q

Which cells display display CD4 pattern

A

Helper T cells

129
Q

Diff bw cytoxic T cells and Killer T cells

A

Cytotoxic T-cells are part of your adaptive immune response. Natural killer cells are part of your innate immune response

130
Q

trypsin
chymotrypsin
carboxypeptidase

A

A part of pancreatic secretions

(finish up digestion of proteins)

131
Q

What stimulates CCK production

A

Chime entering small intestine

132
Q

Paneth Cells

A

Part of intestinal glands/brush border
- secrete lysosomes

133
Q
  • Brunner’s Glands (Duodenal Glands)
A
  • Important, secretes alkaline secretion
  • Important for neutralizing acidic environment coming from the stomach
134
Q
A

BIO 242 (17 decks)

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