Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 242 > Ch 24 > Flashcards

Ch 24 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How does pH change through GI tract?

A

Mouth neutral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mumps

A

parotoid salivary gland infected with the mump virus
- Can attack one side OR both
- Characterized by extreme swelling, fever, throat pain, and malaise (low energy)
- More severe in males in fertility years, can descend to testicles causing infertility (usually just to one testicle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Salivation process controlled by

A

ANS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Two components of digestive system

A

GI tract
Acesssory organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

6 basic processes of digestion

A

Ingestion
Secretion
mixing and propulsion
Digestion (Mechanical and chemical)
Absorption
Defactation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Secretion in GI tract

A

All the enzymes and acids released to chemically digest food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Absorption

A

The nutrition in the food that we’ve broke down is going from the GI tract into either blood or lymphatic fluid.
- Only thing that goes from small intestine into lymph fluid are long chain proteins.
- Abt 95% of absorption from small intestine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Most absorption occurs where

A

Small instesine (95%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Defecation

A

residual tissue or breakdown products that can’t be absorbed
Urination: Fluid elimination
- Fiber that can’t be absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The layers of the GI tract

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

Same 4 thorughout, but structure varies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mucosa layer

A

Epithelium

For absorption will be simple cuboidal
Regenerative ability of cuboidal tissue 5-8 days

b) Lamina Propria means connective tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Everytime there’s an epitheleal layer there’s also a

A

Connective tissue layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

MALT

A

(Mucosa Associated Lymphatic Tissue): Clusters of lymphatic nodules (Not nodes) part of the immunity protection system.
- Name came from the fact that nodules located in mucosa tissue

Located in the lamina propria of mucosa layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Muscularis mucosae

A

(smooth muscle)
- Produce ridges or folds which help with propulsion and surface area

part of mucosa layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Submucosa

A

Where the nutrients have to travel to be absorbed if in the small intestine
- Lot of blood and lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Muscularis

A

Typically a circular AND longitudinal layer (In stomach there’s a third layer called the oblique

Includes Voluntary function of skeletal muscle when swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the extra layer of musclarais that exists in only one location (where)?

A

Oblique layer in the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Serosa layer

A

Outer layer, on top of organs in the abdominopelvic cavity
- Areolar connective tissue
- Simple squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do 4 layers of GI Tract change from mouth to anus

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

2 main networks of the ENS

A
  • Myenteric plexus
    Submucosal plexus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Myenteric plexus

A

Helps primarily with motility = mixing and pushing food forward (Bw circular and longitudinal layer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Submucosal plexus

A

Predominantly involved in secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why would someone get stomach ache on first day of school?

A

Sympathetic system dominating more than parasymp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Largest serous membrane in the body

A

Peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

1.) Parietal Peritoneum

A

Membrane portion that lines the abdominal cavity (epithelial tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

Bw parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum

Small amount of fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Excess fluid in peritoneal cavity

A

Interferes with digestion and be site for infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

2.) Visceral Peritoneum

A

Membrane covering the organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

5 Peritoneal folds

A

Greater Omentum

2) Falciform Ligament

3) Lesser Omentum

4) Mesentery

5) Mesocolon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q
  • Peritonitis
A
  • Acute inflammation, taking up residence, fluid is excessive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q
  • Vestibule
A

Entrance to mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Hard pallate

A

Anterior Roof of the mouth – it is bone
- Separates oral cavity (mouth) from nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Soft pallate

A

Posterior roof of mouth

lined with mucous, typically muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Last site that the skull fuses

A

Midline in the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is a cleft palate

A

Improper fusion of the hard palate midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Uvula purpose

A
  • Supposed cover nasal pharynx during time when person is swallowing
  • Doesn’t work when talking and eating well
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the begining of chemical digestion

A

Saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is saliva

A

99% water

Antibodies and enzymes

Breaks down carbs and starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Ideal pH for mouth

A

6.35-6.85

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Parotid glands

A

Beside ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Sublingual glands

A

Under tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Submandibular glands

A

Under mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What type of glands are the salivary glands

A

Exocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Purpose of intrinsic muscles in tongue

A

Help change shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Papillae

A

Elevations on tongue, taste buds

Some have tactile purpose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Lingual glands

A

producing lipase (enzyme_) that works on fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Lingual lipase

A

Enzyme digesting fat (Lipids) not activated until the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Enamel of teeth

A

top surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Good dental health linked to

A

Cognitive functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Gingivae

A

Gums

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

3 parts of tooth

A

Crown, root, neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Pulp and dentin

A

Location of blood and lymp vessels and nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Deciduous teeth

A

Appear from 6 months to 12 yrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Taste is improved with

A

More chewing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Bolus

A

Broken down food mixed with saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Salivary amalayse

A

most important in mouth, helps break down carbs and starch
- Without enough chewing and mixing this doesn’t happen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Deglutition

A

Swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

3 phases of swallowing

A

From mouth to oropharynx - Voluntary (1)

From oropharynx to esophagus - involuntary (2)

From esophagus to stomach - involuntary (3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q
  • Upper Esophageal Sphincter
A

(Circular muscle): Regulates bolus from throat into esophagus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Muscle in swallowing that older adults can lose use of

A
  • Esophageal Stage and Peristalsis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q
  • Lower esophageal Sphincter
A

Controls bolus from esophagus into the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Heart burn is a problem with

A

lower esophageal sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

pH in stomach

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

When stomach burns itself it is called an

A

ulcer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What protects stomach from the acid

A

mucous layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What decreases ability for lower esophageal sphincter to close

A
  • Smokers, coffee drinkers, and chocolate can cause decrease in the ability for lower sphincters to close and thus heart burn
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Anatomy of stomach

A

Cardia

Fundus

body

Pylorus

Pyloric Antrum

Pyloric canal

Pyloric Sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Cardia of stomach

A

Where esophagus joins stomach (threshold)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Fundus of stomach

A

first part of stomach AFTER the cardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Pylorus

A

(anything CLOSE to the small instestine)
- Wants smaller doses of food going into small intestines at once

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Pyloric antrum

A

trainglular area CLOSE to the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Pyrloric sphincter

A

Circular muscle controlling release of food from the stomach into the duedidum

74
Q

Pyloric spasm

A

When pyloric sphincter is TOO tight, does not relax sufficiently, infant is breast feeding but stomach becomes distended bc milk cant leave the stomach – eventually reflexively impacts vomiting

75
Q

Pyloric stenosis

A

Disabiltiy involving pyloric Narrowing, food has difficulaty leaving the stomach, SOME can leave, but person always have distended stomach (surgery or drugs)

76
Q

Rugae

A

Folds on internal surface of the stomach

  • only visibly in epty stomach, allowing for stretch
77
Q

Gastric pit/gastric glands

A

Glands (Three kinds of exocrine gland cells in the gastric glands) : Tunnels ptis or holes on surface of the stomach, locatd on the walls of the pits, various type sof cels that secrete different elements

78
Q

3 types of surace mucous cells

A

Layer 1

Mucous neck cells
Chief cells
Parietal cells

All exocrine glands

79
Q

Mucous neck cells

A
  • There are surface mucous cells that secrete mucous (1-3 mm thick to protect stomach from acid
  • Also mucous secreting cells on the neck
80
Q

Chief Cells

A
  • Secrete chemical called pepsinogen (inactive enzyme)
  • Acitivates when it hits low pH
  • Pepsinogen works on proteins
81
Q

Parietal cells

A
  • Produce HCl, lowers the pH to 1-2
  • Help denature proteins (break peptide bonds)
  • Some bacteria cannot survive that
82
Q

Extrinsic factors of surface mucous cells eventually help to

A

Absorb vitamin B

83
Q
  • Enteroendocrine Cell (G cell
A

Produces hormone, goes into blood and comes back to affect the stomach

84
Q

Gastrin

A

Produced by G cells, function to activate muscles and relax the sphicnter allowing food to leave the stomach

85
Q

Chime

A

Food mixed with gastric secretions

86
Q

Gastric juice =

A

All secretions

87
Q

Volume of gastric juice secretions per day

A

2000-3000mL

88
Q

Stomach ulcers indicate

A

Mucous layer is too thin

89
Q

Submucosa layer of stomach

A

2nd layer
Primarily areolar connective tissue
- Laminar propia: Connective tissue

90
Q

Muscularis layer of stomach

A
  • Having circular, longitudinal, AND oblique muscle
91
Q

Serosa

A
  • Simple squamous membrane layer on top (Most outer layer)
92
Q

Mixing waves

A

Food is chruned around in the stomach begining several minutes after it has entered

93
Q

Peristalic waves

A

Food is pushed forward into pyloric region

94
Q

Gastric emptying

A

some amount of chyme is leaving the stomach and entering the small intestine

95
Q

What is organ is the “gastric” associated with

A

Stomach

96
Q

salivary amalyse

A

produced in the mouth
- once it hits low pH of the stomach it becomes inactive (Cannot function in acidic environment)

COnverts starch into sugar

97
Q

Funnction of HCl

A

Denatures protein
Kills bacteria

98
Q

Lingual lipase

A

Produced in the mouth, becomes active once it hits the stomach, works on fats (triglycerides)

99
Q

Pepsin

A

Active form of pepsinogen, activates when pH is low

100
Q

Gastric Lipase

A

: Another enzyme working on triglycerides but it is produced in the stomach

  • Quite limited in adults, more prevalent in breast feeding infants, mainly works on milk fat
101
Q

Pancreas function in digestion

A

Both an exocrine AND endocrine function

COnsidere accessory organ because it ads secretion to the small intestine
- Joins right up to small intestine right under ther small intestine

102
Q

Key ducts of pancreas

A

Pancreatic duct
Side tract

103
Q

Common Bile duct

A

Carrying secretions from galbladder, combines with side tract from pancreas and join into the hepato ampulla

104
Q

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

A
  • Where the secretions from the bile and pancreas join together and enter the dedendum
105
Q

Accessory duct

A

Leads from the pancreas and empties into the duodenum

106
Q

99% of cells in pancreas

A

Acini cells = exocrine (secretion through tube into another location)

107
Q

1% of pancreatic cells

A

Pancreatic islets = endocrine (Secretion goes into blood, travels through body, then comes back to small intestine)

108
Q

A cells in pancreas

A

(produce a hormone) glucagons (increase blood glucose)

109
Q

B cells in pancreas

A

→ (produce) insulin (Decrease blood glucose by pushing it into cells)
- Generally just trying to work to stabilize blood glucose level

110
Q

D cells in pancreas

A

somatostatin (Similar to human growth hormone, slows down release of both insulin AND glucogon)
- Also slows down absorbtion in the small intestine
- Net result = more time to finish up digestion

111
Q

F cells in pancreas

A

(Hormon) pancreatic polypeptide
- Decrease exocrine pancreatic secretion
- Decreases bile release from the gallbladder
- More time for small intestine not to be overloaded by food and digestive enzymes

112
Q

What would result in pancreatis (inflamation of pancreas)

A

Gallstones or alcohol abuse

113
Q

Acute pancreatitis

A

Alcohol lonterm has damaged pancreas or some of the ducts in pancreas are blocked so digestive enzymes in pancreas cannot escape and a couple of them begin digesting pancreas

114
Q

What cells make up pancreatic juice

A

Pancreatic amalayse

trypsin
chymotrypsin
carboxypeptidase

pancreatic lipases

ribonuclease
deoxyribonuclease

115
Q

When do pancreatic enzymes become active

A

Once they reach the intestine (otherwise they would digest pancreas)

116
Q

Neural regulation of pancreatic secretion

A

if parasympathetic function goes up, pancreatic secretions go up

  • Sympathetic function goes up, pancreatic secretions decrease and thus digestion slows
117
Q

How do SI hormones regulate pancreatic secretion

A
  • Secretin: If secretin hormone goes up, pancreatic secretions go
    up
  • CCK (cholecystokinin): When there is food or chime in the small intestine, CCK production goes up
  • Secretions in the small intestine goes up
118
Q

Two main lobes of liver seperated by

A

Falciform ligament

Fold of peritoneum extending from diaphragm to superior surface of liver = suspends liver

119
Q

What would u have to be careful of if galbaldder is removed

A

Fatty foods since you can no longer store bile to break down excessive amounts of fat

120
Q

Functional units of liver

A

Lobules

121
Q

Hepatocyte

A

Liver cell
- The most common cell, perform the jobs of the liver
- Detoxify, produce the bile
- Major workers of each of the lobules

122
Q

Bile canaliculi

A
  • Collect the bile produced by the hepatocytes
  • Bile is stored and concentrated in the galbladder
123
Q

Hepatic sinusoids

A

Of liver
- Blood vessels
- stellate reticulocytes (Kupffer)
Stellate reticuloendothelial cell are phagocytic cell within hepatic sinusoids

124
Q

Central vein/hepatic vein of liver

A
  • Central part of each lobule
125
Q

Portal Triad made up of

A

1 bile duct + 1 hepatic artery + 1 hepatic vein

126
Q

How does bile move from liver to galbladder

A

Bile → bile canaliculi → bile ductules → bile ducts →Merge to form R and L hepatic ducts → Exit liver as common hepatic duct → Stored in gallbladder by way of cystic duct

127
Q

Jaundice cause

A
  • Due to pigment called bilirubin
  • When RBC are recuycled, proteins go one way and pigment goes to be broken down in the liver
128
Q

Two main suoures of liver blood supply into liver sinusoids

A

Hepatic Artery: Oxygen rich blood

Hepatic Vein: Oxygen poor blood

129
Q

Role of bile

A

Emulsification of fats

operates best at pH 7.6-8.6

130
Q

Functions of liver

A

Carb metabolism
Lipid metabolism
Protein metabolism
Drug and antiobiotic processing
Bilirubin excretion
Bile salt synthesis
Storage
Phagocytosis
Vit D activation

131
Q

What is the carbohydrate metabolism

A

glycogenolysis + gluconeogenesis

Glycogenolysis: Breakdown of glycogen to produce glucose
- Gluconeogenesis: Production of glucose from non hydrolatic sources

132
Q

Galstones caused by

A

Insufficient bile salts, excess cholesterol in gallbladder, produces crystals, form into gallstones.

133
Q

Gallstone effects

A
  • Pain and blockage of ducts, glabladder not able to empty bile
  • Options: Drugs to interup stone formation, shockwave therapy (explode gallstones), surgery for serious occurances
134
Q

Major role of SI

A

i) Digestion
ii) Absorption

135
Q

Parts of SI

A
  • Duodenum (2.5 cm) Beginning
  • Jejunum (1m)
  • Ileum (2m)] End
  • Ileocecal sphincter
136
Q

What is the hairy cilia border in the small intestine called

A

Brush border

137
Q

3 types of cells making up intestinal glands and brush border

A

Goblet cells
Paneth Cells
Lacteal

138
Q

Goblet cells

A

produce and secrete mucous

139
Q

Paneth Cells

A

Secrete lysosomes (Which engage in phagocytosis)

140
Q

What are enteroendocrine cells

A

Hormones

141
Q

What hormones are secreted by cells along the brush border

A

S-cells (secretin)
CCK -cells (Cholecystokinin)
K-cells (Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide)

142
Q

Lacteal

A

: In the middle of each villus, a lacteal is a part of the lymphatic system

  • If very large fatty acid (tricglycerides), it travels through the lacteal
143
Q

Villi

A

The collective villus fingers of the small intestine

144
Q

Microvilli

A

Brushborder

145
Q

Brunner’s glands (Duodenal), circular folds are part of what

A

Submucosa layer of small intestine

146
Q

Brunner’s glands (Duodenal glands)

A
  • Important, secretes alkaline secretion
  • Important for neutralizing acidic environment coming from the stomach

of small intestine

147
Q
  • Circular folds (Plicae)
A

of small intestine

  • Increase surface area for absorbtion secretion AND movement
148
Q

How many layers of the muscularis are there in the SI

A

2

149
Q

Serosa surrounds entire SI except

A

Small part of duedenum where it intersects with the stomach

150
Q

How much intestinal juice secreted per day

A

1-2L

151
Q

pH of intestinal juice

A

7.2-7.6

152
Q

Segmentation in small intestine

A
  • Localized mixing (with existing enzymes)
  • Generally 12 times per minute
153
Q

MMC

A

Migrating motility complex

  • pushes the chime in SI forward after most absorption has taken place
154
Q

Chemical digestion that occurs in mouth

A

CHOs (Carbs)

155
Q

Chemical digestion that occurs in stomach

A

proteins/fats

156
Q

Chemical digestion that occurs in SI

A

All (proteins, fats, and carbs)

157
Q

Lactose intolerance

A

Cells lining villus and in brush border are lacking the enzyme lactase

158
Q

What enzymes digest proteins

A
  • Pepsin and Pancreatic Juice
  • Peptidases
  • Aminopeptidase
  • Dipeptidase
159
Q

What enzymes digest fats

A
  • Lipases (Collectively called lipases)
  • Lingual and Gastric Lipases
160
Q

What digests nucleic acids

A
  • Pancreatic Juice (Ribonuclease and Deoxyribonuclease)
  • Nucleosidases
  • Phosphatases
161
Q

How fats absorbed into the bloodstream

A

Fats = micelle → brush border → TG → chylomicrons → lacteal of villus

162
Q

How is alcohol consumption affected by food

A
  • If stomach empty, absorption occurs quickly.
  • If full, slows down gastric emptying, release into bloodstream slower.
163
Q

large intestine also called

A

Colon

164
Q

Pouches formed in the large intestine

A

haustra

165
Q

Haustra

A

Pouches in the large intestine (the functional unit, equivalent to a lobule in the liver)

166
Q

Role of the LI

A

Role: 5% of absorption, fine tuning vitamin absorption and H2o absorption
- Role in bacteria production (good)
- Some ions/vitamins absorption finished up
- Produce bacteria that will help digestion.

167
Q

Appendicitis

A

Inflammation of the appendix usually from blockage (Blocking the exit) like foreign body from the large intestine

  • Apendix laden with unhealthy bacteria
  • WBC count elevated
  • Temp elevated
  • From pain to rupture can be from 24 hours
  • Bacteria easily spreads from abdominal cavity
168
Q

Anatomy of LI

A

Small intestine → Ileocecal sphincter → Ascending Colon → Transverse Colon → Descending Colon → Sigmoid colon → Anus → Rectum

169
Q

Cells in mucosa/submucosa of LI

A

i) Intestinal Glands: Openings that go down into ducts

ii) Lamina Propria: Connective tissue (In each of the glands/elevations)

iii) Lymphatic Nodules: Green clusters part of immunity system

Goblet cells: produce mucous still

170
Q

Muscularis layer of LI

A

Longitudinal and circular muscle

171
Q

Teniae Colie

A

The longitudinal muscle in the LI
- Run the length of the colon

172
Q

Why is Haustra formed

A

because the longitudinal muscle is contracting producing these pouches

173
Q

Gastrolienal Reflex:

A

What controls the movement of the chime from SI to LI
- Hormone gastrin relaxes the sphincter allowing fro movement.

174
Q

Haustral Churning

A

Each of the haustra, mix things together and contract and push food forward to next haustra

175
Q

Peristalsis in LI

A

: Beginning in transverse colon, “momentum” ensuring that chime is continually pushes forward entire length

176
Q

What is the muscle in the LI you have control over

A

External anal sphincter

177
Q

Defecation reflex

A

Fecal material from sigmoid colon into rectum.

Stimulation of stretch receptors in rectal wall

Impulses to sacral spinal cord

From cord along parasympathetic route to colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus

Longitudinal muscles contract in rectum to shorten

Open internal anal sphincter
simulataneously
Diaphragm and abdominal muscles aid by increasing pressure

Voluntarily control of external sphincter

178
Q

Dietary Fiber

A

Indigestible plant material;

insoluble type, skins of fruit and apples – speeds passage of chime through large intestine ;

soluble type: Beans oats, barely, prunes: Mixes with water and slows down passage of chime, binds to cholesterol and reduces blood cholesterol levels

179
Q

Phases of digestion

A

Cephalic Phase
- Thinking abt/smelling/seeing food
- Salivation begins (Mainly mouth also stomach preparing for food)
- Limbic syst. role

Gastric Phase
- Begins when food has hit the stomach
- Gastrin increase motility and secretion
- Some control, when stretch receptors tell hypothalamus to stop eating
- Chemoreceptors, tell stomach when it is time to mix and time to push the food forward

Intestinal Phase
- Intestine produces bicarbonaine, pancreas producing hormones towards digestion of contents

180
Q

Glycemic index

A

(How quickly do carbohydrates go from digestion to absorption)

  • High glycemic (20-30 minutes from breakdown to absorption
  • Low glycemic (1.5-2hr to go from digestion to absorption)
181
Q
  • Colorectal cancer
A
  • Cancer of the colon
  • Typically latter part into the rectum
  • Some genetic element
  • Food-based a little bit
182
Q

Hepatitis

A
  • Inflammation of the liver
  • Transfusions, viral

BIO 242 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions