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BIO 242 > LAB > Flashcards

LAB Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why don’t axons touch?

A

They are insulated so they don’t stimulate themselves

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2
Q

4 Main spinal plexuses

A

Lumbar, brachial

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3
Q

Divergent neuronal track

A

One neuron diverges into many

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4
Q

Converging circuit

A

Many neurons converging to one (Many factors playing into single decision)

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5
Q

Reverberating

A

Multiple neurons that go in a positive feedback loop

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6
Q

Parallel

A

One neuron generally breaks into many parallel lines going at once (Activities that require many actions at once)

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7
Q

What is a voluntary reflex?

A

Involves skeletal muscle - the ability to override it.

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8
Q

Two different types of reflexes

A

Somatic and autonomic

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9
Q

What is an autonomic reflex?

A

A reflex that you cannot overcome?

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10
Q

Difference bw spinal reflex and cranial?

A

Spinal mediated by spinal nerves
Cranial mediated by brain

BUT not ALL spinal reflexes go to the brain

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11
Q

Learned reflexes?

A

Driving sports etc.
For protection but can use to our advantage in sports

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12
Q

5 components to a reflex

A
  1. Receptor (A stimulus generates a response)
  2. Sens. Neuron
  3. CNS (gray matter in Spinal Cord)
  4. Motor Neuron
  5. Effector
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13
Q

Receptors in muscles do what?

A

Ensures muscle is not too stretched or too relaxed`

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14
Q

Where is an AP generated?`

A

Axon Hillock

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15
Q

Monosynaptic reflex (example)

A

No interneuron involved - one synapse bw motor and sensory

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16
Q

Ipsilateral

A

The same side of the body

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17
Q

Receptor in knee-jerk reflex

A

muscle spindle receptor

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18
Q

Reciprocal innervation

A

When the agonist is stimulated the antagonist is inhibited (relaxed)

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19
Q

When there are 2 or more synapses

A

Always involve an interneuron
Polysnaptic

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20
Q

Rami/ramus

A

Branches

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21
Q

How many and how are connections made in the brain?

A

100,000 trillion connections made through stimulation throughout life

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22
Q

How is the brain stimuated?

A

By challenging it

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23
Q

1 cubic mm of brain tissue contians

A

1 billion connections

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24
Q

The total length of nerve fibers is to

A

More than 500,000kms

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25
Q

Speed of AP

A

40m/s (144kph)

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26
Q

Without a constant supply of glucose and O2 to the brain

A

Loss of consciences

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27
Q

Mysteries of brain

A

Spoken language in all its forms
Morality
Consciences
Memory and memory retrieval
Facial expressions (Smiling vs fake smiling= different part of brain)

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28
Q

6 basic emotions

A

Surprise, fear, anger, fear, disgust, happiness, and sadness

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29
Q

Major Brain Regions

A

Brain stem
Cerebellum (little brain)
Diencephalon
Cerebrum

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30
Q

Brain stem

A

Connects the spinal cord to the brain

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

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31
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  • Myelinated axons
  • Relays impulses
  • Centers for HR+Breathing regulation
  • Carries nuclei (cell bodies of cranial nerves VIII-XII
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32
Q

Pons

A

Relays impulses
Assists medulla with breathing
Nuclei cranial nerves V-Viii

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33
Q

Midbrain

A

Relays impulses via cerebral peduncles (anterior)

(Colliculi) Corpora quadrigemina (posterior)
- Responsible for visual + auditory reflexes
0 Coordinates hey movement
Remainder of Cranial nerves

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34
Q

Cerebellum

A

Hemispheres, folds, arbor vitae, cerebellar cortex

Coordinates movement
Balance and posture

Compares intended movement with actual movement and corrects it

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35
Q

How does alcohol affect the brain?

A

Lowers function of the cerebellum
(Standing, posture, speaking)

Crosses BBB

Affects the WHOLE brain

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36
Q

Drinking and pregnant

A

Alcohol affects the baby developing bc it means that the babies brain is going to develop incorrectly or slowly etc/

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37
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus and pit gland

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38
Q

Hypothalamus

A

ANS and Pit Gland

Motherboard for endocrine glands
- Body temp, hunger/thirst
- Sleep

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39
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Hangs by little stock on the bottom of the brain
- Produces hormones
- Regulated by hypothalamus
- Hormones go into the bloodstream therefore pit gland is surrounded by capillaries

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40
Q

Thalamus

A

Relays all impulses to the cerebral cortex
- Relay station for sensory impulses (except for smell)

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41
Q

RAS

A

Reticular Activating System
Maintains consciousness
- Wake up from all senses but smell
- Alarm clock
Cannot pinpoint location

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42
Q

Epithalamus

A

Including Pineal Gland
Releases hormonal gland melatonin
Controls sleep pattern
As you sleep your brain produces less melatonin and you wake up

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43
Q

The Cerebrum

A

Two halves
Connected by Corpus callosum
- Functional connection, myelinated axons running from R to L (Commissural) fibers

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44
Q

Where are projecting fibers found?

A

Vertical fibers in spine and brain

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45
Q

Projecting fibers

A

Found in white matter in the cerebrum

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46
Q

How are the brain and spine opposite ?

A

White and gray matter is switched

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47
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Concentrations of cell bodies deep within the brain

Coordinate large automatic muscle movements and involved in the limbic system of the brain

Help initiate and terminate motor movement’

And initiate and terminate emotional behaviour

The body suffocates basal ganglia in HD patients end up with a “hollow brain”

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48
Q

5 Lobes separated by folds

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and inner insula (Behind temporal lobe)

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49
Q

Function of cerebrum

A

Motor, sensory, and association (interactive) Function

Motor controls skeletal muscles

Sensory areas receive and interpret impulses

Association areas perform complex integrative functions involving emotional and intellectual functions

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50
Q

Protective layers of the brain

A

Same as the spinal cord

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51
Q

Where is CSF Located and produced?

A

In the four ventricles

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52
Q

Intraventricualr foramen

A

Brings CSF from lat to 3rd ventricle

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53
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

BRings CSF from 3rd to 4th ventricle

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54
Q

What does CSF do?

A

Nuritionment, homeostasis, mechanical cushioning

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55
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Produce fluid lining ventricles

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56
Q

Be familiar with the flow of CSF

A
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57
Q

4 types of brain waves

A

Alpha, beta, theta, and delta

Vary in age and on activity

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58
Q

Lots of delta waves indictive of

A

low brain activity

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59
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

12 emerge from bottom of brain

1 Olfactory S
2 Optic s
3 Oculomotor m
4 Trochlear m
5 Trigeminal b
6 Abducens m
7 Facial b
8 Vestibocochlear s
9 Glossopharangeal b
10 Vagus b
11 Accessory m
12 Hypoglossal m

60
Q

Thin layer that Separates lateral ventricles

A

Septum pellucidum

61
Q

Cranial Nerve I

A

Olfactory: Smell

62
Q

Cranial Nerv II

A

Optic: Vision

63
Q

Cranial Nerve III

A

Oculomotor: Movement of four eye muscles, eyelid, lens accommodation and pupillary constriction

64
Q

Cranial Nerve IV

A

Trochlear: Superior oblique muscle of eyeball

65
Q

Cranial Nerve V

A

Trigeminal: Opthalamic branch (cutaneous sensations) maximally and madible areas, chewing

66
Q

Cranial Nerve VI

A

Abducens: Lateral rectus muscle of eyeball

67
Q

Cranial Nerve VII

A

Facial: Taste, anterior 2/3 tongue (Salivation), facial expression, secretion of tears

68
Q

Cranial Nerve VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear: Equilibrium and hearing

69
Q

Cranial Nerve IX

A

Glossopharyngeal: Posterior third of tongue
- Swallowing, speech, secretion of saliva

70
Q

Cranial Nerve X

A

Vagus: Taste, swallowing, coughing, voice production, Contraction of GI tract, slows HR, secretion by digestion glands

71
Q

Cranial Nerve XI

A

Accessory: Swallowing

72
Q

Cranial Nerve XII

A

Hypoglossal: Tongue muscles, Speech and swallowing

73
Q

Basal Nuclei AKA

A

Corpus striatum

74
Q

General Senses

A

Touch, pain, pressure

75
Q

4 necessary events for sensation

A

Stimulus
Transduction (receptor changes stimulus into receptor potential)
Conduction (AP goes to CNS)
Integration: In CNS - interpretation occurs

76
Q

What is transduction

A

(receptor changes stimulus into receptor potential)

77
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the cranial nerve located?

A

In brainstem

78
Q

Projection

A

Brain refers to sensation to a learned point of origin

Phantom pain
Funnybone

79
Q

Funny bone?

A

Ulna nerve being stuck that ends in pinky and ring finger (Anytime brain relieves signal from ulna nerve it thinks it’s from the fingers)

80
Q

Adaptation

A

Stimulus remains the same but the sensation changes (decreases)

AP decrease or stop
- The threshold increases (quickly)
- Receptor threshold changes

81
Q

Afterimage

A

Stimulus is gone but sensitivity still present

  • Only happens in special senses

Bipolar neurons that are overstimulated have synapses in organ which involve chemicals which don’t go away immediately when the stimulus is taken away

82
Q

Special sense neurons are

A

Bipolar

83
Q

Modality

A

Each receptor sensitive to its own specific stimulus

EXCEPTION: Pain
Too much stimulus hurts

84
Q

Receptive Field

A

Stimulus only able to stimulate receptors within a certain range/ receptive field (Soft touch, UV light, bland taste etc.)

85
Q

Hair purpose

A

Promote wound healing (Skin heals from below the hair)

86
Q

Purpose of layered corpuscle

A

Determine degreee of pressure

87
Q

Only part of brain with thermorecepyors

A

Hypothalamus

88
Q

6 basic emotions

A

surprise, anger, fear, disgust, happiness, sadness

89
Q

medulla

A

relays sensory and motor impulses
between brain and spinal cord
Contains vital centers for heartbeat
regulation and breathing
Nuclei cranial nerves VIII - XII

90
Q

Pons

A

relays impulses to and from the
cerebellum, medulla, and midbrain
Helps control breathing
Nuclei cranial nerves V -VIII

91
Q

Midbrain

A

relays impulses via cerebral
peduncles (anterior)
corpora quadrigemina (posterior)
responsible for visual and auditory
reflexes
(Coordinates eye movement, head,
and trunk movements due to
auditory stimuli)
Nuclei cranial nerves III + IV

92
Q

Folia

A

folds of the cerebellum

93
Q

arbor vitae

A

White matter of cerebellum

94
Q

Gray matter of cerebellum

A

cerebellar cortex

95
Q

cerebellum

A

Balance and motor coordination
regulates posture and balance:
compares the intended
movement with the actual
movement and corrects for
it.

96
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Control autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland.
- Controls visceral activities like body temperature, eating and
drinking behaviour, sleep, body temp. etc.

97
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay station for all sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex.
(except smell)

98
Q

Epithalamus

A

superior and
posterior to thalamus, includes
pineal gland (endocrine gland)
secretes melatonin - controls
sleep, sets our biological clock

99
Q

Projecting fibers

A

White matter connecting cerebrum to spinal cord

100
Q

Association fibers

A

Sulcus to sulcus (Same hem) white matter comunications

101
Q

What is the cerebral cortex made up of ?

A

Cell bodies

102
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Cell bodies deep

coordinate large, automatic muscle
movements and regulate muscle
tone.
- involved with the limbic system or
emotional brain.
Simply put: they help initiate and
terminate movements and
emotional behaviour, and allow us
to set boundaries for both.

103
Q

Association areas of the brain role

A

perform complex
integrative functions involving
emotional and intellectual
processes.

104
Q

RAS

A
  • waking up, maintaining
    consciousness (is NOT the same
    as setting our biological clock. This
    is an alarm clock.)

Through thalamus

105
Q

Primary gustatory area located where?

A

Furtherest corner of somatasensory cortex

center of side of brain

Parietal/temporal area

106
Q

Where is Broca’s area

A

Frontal Lobe
Lower right

107
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area?

A

Parietal near occipital and temporal

108
Q

Primary visual area

A

Very back and bottom of brain

109
Q

Brain waves

A

Alpha: 8 – 13 cycles/sec (Hz)
relaxed, eyes closed
Beta: 14 – 30 Hz
tension, mentally active,
eyes open
Theta 4 – 7 Hz: drowsiness, emotional stress
Delta 1-5 Hz: deep sleep, serious brain
disorders, young infants

110
Q

Draw Cranial Nerve picture

A

https://quizlet.com/410473644/cranial-nerve-face-diagram/

111
Q

Label cranial nerves on diagram

A
112
Q

Which neuroglial cell helps wit the regeneration of axons

A

Schwann cell

113
Q

general sensory info originate from?

A

Somatic sensory receptors (skin and skeletal muscles) or viscerral sensory receptors

114
Q

Structural classes of general receptors?

A

Free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings, or specialized receptor cells

115
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Class of general receptors that are not associated with sensory structures, free nerve endings are dendrites of sensory neurons coveys senses of tickle, itch, and some touch

116
Q

Encapsulated Nerve ending

A

Dendrites of sensory neurons enclosed by a connective tissue capsule conveying general sensations of touch pressure and vibration

117
Q

Type 1 Cutanous receptor

A

Merkel disc mechano receptor
- Tactile epitheleal cells in epidermis
-Free nerve endings
-Slow adapting
-Continuous touch/pressue

Dendrite at surface

118
Q

Type 2 Cutaneous receptor

A
  • Dermis ligaments, and tendons
    Encapsulated nerve endings
  • Skin stretching + pressure
  • Slow adapting

Dedrite deeper in skin

119
Q
  1. When a person experiences a heart attack, why is there pain down the left arm?
A

Answer: The pain in the visceral organ (heart) is felt as referred pain. The somatic sensory fibers of the left arm share the same entrance to spinal cord (dorsal root ganglion) as the visceral sensory fibers of the heart.

120
Q

Why would pain persist even after the stimulus is removed?

A

Answer: pain could persist because pain mediated chemicals linger and nociceptors exhibit very little adaptation

121
Q

Sensory neurons from general sensory receptors are

A

unipolar

122
Q

Corpuscle of touch describe

A

Gandolf staff near the surface

123
Q

Hair root plexus

A

Bottom of hair root

124
Q

Where can referred pain for the liver and gallbladder appear

A

Right neck
And lower right abdomen

125
Q

Lung and diaphragm referred pain

A

neck

126
Q

Lammellated corpuscle

A

Pacinian corpuscle

Circular looking
Deep dermis
Large

127
Q

Example for What a diverging circuit for

A

Visual information form eyes to CNS then distributed to areas of brain to control
posture

128
Q

Categories of reflexes

A

Somatic, autonomic or visceral;
Ipsilateral or contrlaterl ior bilateral
Cranial or spinal

129
Q

Organ responsible for achilles reflex

A

GTO

130
Q

Hyporeflexia

A

temporary or permanent
damage to skeletal muscles, dorsal or ventral nerve roots, spinal nerves, spinal cord
or the brain.

(decreased reflex)

131
Q

areflexia

A

No reflex

132
Q

Polio

A
  • destroys the cell bodies of motor neurons especially those of the anterior horns
    in the spinal cord and/or nuclei of cranial nerves – resulting in paralysis (loss of somatic
    reflexes) and even death, depending on the area affected.
133
Q

Shingles

A

– acute infection of PNS by Herpes roster (chicken pox). The virus retreats to the
posterior root ganglion – if the virus is reactivated a healthy immune system prevents it from
spreading. A weakened immune system may enable the virus to travel down a sensory
neuron by “fast axonal transport” creating the characteristic blisters of shingles. The
affected nerve would have hyporeflexia.

134
Q

Huntingtons disease chorea

A

a rare hereditary disorder caused by an autosomal
dominant trait meaning that if the person carries one affected gene they will develop the
disease usually between 35-40 years which gradually progresses over the next 15-20 years
eventually resulting in death. The genetic defect produces a defective protein that
suffocates the basal ganglia resulting in progressive motor incoordination, abnormal
involuntary movements, and intellectual decline. This also leads to hyporeflexia

135
Q

ALS

A

– a pregressive death of the cellbodies of motorneurons will also result in hyporeflexia. Which reflexes will be affected first depends on which motorneurons are affected first.

136
Q

Major nerves from Cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral and coccyx

A
137
Q

4 events necessary for stimulus to be detected

A

stimulus, transduction, conduction, integration

138
Q

Projection

A

brain refers sensations to their learned point of
origin

139
Q

Afterimage

A

stimulus is gone, but sensitivity still present

  • Chemicals in synapses still present, dont dissapate immediately
140
Q

Receptive field

A

Receptor only able to sense stimulus within certain range (hz, pressure, volume etc.)

141
Q

Know referred pain diagram

A

textbook 576

142
Q

What is the structure of a speciality sensory neuron

A

Specific (i.e gustatory ) receptor generates GP and synapses with first order neuron

143
Q

Difference bw lamellated corpuscle and Meissner corpuscle

A

M is located near surface of epidermis and is smaller
-Fine touch and pressure

L is deep dermis and is larger
- pressure + fast vibration

144
Q

How does the Pacinian corpuscle structure aid in it’s function

A

Layers allow it to grade level of pressure

145
Q

Memorize muscle fiber

A

BIO 242 (17 decks)

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