Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 66 > Lab Exam 3 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why is the duration shorter when we hold a breath after exhalation (2)

A
  1. Rapid build up of CO2 in blood (hypercapnia)

2. Increase hypercapnia is stronger stimulus to breathe than hypoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is hypercapnia

A

Build up of CO2 in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens to heart rate when we hold our breath

A

Slows down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens to respiratory and pulse rate during exercise

What happens after exercise

A

Both increase

Remains elevated to remove excess CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the formula for CO2 chemistry

A

CO2 + H2O = Carbonic acid = H + Bicarbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the control center that controls ventilation

A

Medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What detects changes in CO2

A

Chemoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens during hyperventilation (3)

A
  1. Increase breathing rate
  2. CO2 below normal
  3. Apnea occurs right after
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Apnea

A

Absence of breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Hypoventilation (3)

A
  1. Breathing rate slows
  2. CO2 increases (hypercapnea)
  3. Causes increased breathing rate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Does expired air or inspired air have a greater volume

Why

Hence we should apply what when measuring volume

A

Expired air

Because of warming and humidification

Volume correction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Vital capacity is (equation)

A

Inspiratory reserve volume +
Expiratory reserve volume +
Tidal volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is tidal volume

A

Amount of air inhaled and exhaled at rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Vital capacity (def)

A

After a normal exhalation breathe in as deeply as possible then exhale forcefully

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is vital capacity (VC) a indicator of

A

Restrictive lung disease

e.g. pulmonary fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is forced expiratory volume

A

The volume of air that a person can forcibly expire in 1 second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is forced expiratory volume (FEV) a indicator of

A

Obstructive lung disease

e.g. asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a buffer

A

A substance that stabilises the pH of a solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens if there is small amount of acid or base added to a buffer solution

What happens if there is small amount of acid or base added to a UNbuffered solution

A

No change in pH

Large change in pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How did we show the effects of exercise in lab

A
  1. Added NaOH to water (pink)
  2. Blew bubbles into solution which adds CO2
  3. Formation of carbonic acid
  4. Solution cleared
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happened when the individual exercised in the lab experiment (3)

A
  1. Increased ventilation due to increase in CO2
  2. CO2 in blood DOES NOT CHANGE
  3. CO2 in breath DOES NOT CHANGE
  4. The time to change solution from pink to clear is roughly the same
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens if the respiratory rate is increase during the lab experiment

A

The time of change will decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is Eupnea

A

Normal respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is hyperpnea

A

Abnormal increase in depth and rate of breathing due to increased CO2 levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is dyspnea

A

Difficult or labored breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is polypnea

A

Increased respiratory rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is tachypnea

A

Excessively rapid respiratory rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is anoxia

A

Total lack of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is Hypercapnia

A

Excess CO2 in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is Asphyxia

A

Lack of oxygen resulting in death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is atelectasis

A

collaspe of the alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is dead space

A

Respiratory passages where gas exchange does not occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Hyperventilation is not driven by…

A

CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What muscles are used in forced inhalation

A

Abdominal
Scalenes
Sternocleidomastoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Why were your respiratory volume measurements corrected with the BTPS factor

A

Air outside = room temp and dry

Air inside lungs = body temp and saturated with water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

List the pathway of air from outside into the alveolus

A 
Nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
pharynx
trachea
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar sacs
alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the mucociliary ladder

A

picks up dust, pollen, fibers etc that come in with the air and transports them upwards in the trachea towards the esophagus where they are removed from the respiratory system and swallowed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the main function of the kidney

A

To control fluid and electrolyte balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What do osmotic pressures control

A

Cell shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What do ionic concentrations control

A

Gradients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How do we lose salts and water from our bodies

A
  1. Evaporation = conduction and convection
  2. Feces, tears, sweat
  3. Excretion via the kidneys
42
Q

What are the 4 systems that regulate Na content

A

Natriuretic peptide = hormone from the heart

Vasopressin (ADH) = hormone from posterior pituitary

Aldosterone = hormone from adrenal cortex

Pressure natriuresis

43
Q

What is pressure natriuresis

A

Increase of renal perfusion leads to decrease of sodium reabsorption and increases sodium excretion

44
Q

What do these 4 systems also affect

A

Water distribution

Production of urine

45
Q

What causes ADH to be released

What does it result in

A

Increases plasma osmolarity
Decreases plasma volume

Results in:
Increased water retention

46
Q

What causes aldosterone to be released

What does it result in

A

Decreased plasma volume
Decreased plasma osmolarity = decreased ECF Na

Results in:
Increased Na and water retention

47
Q

What causes Natriuretic peptides to be released

What does it result in

A

Increased plasma volume (stretching of the cardiac wall)
Increased ECF Na

Results in:
Decreased Na reabsorption and water retention

48
Q

What causes the release of pressure natriuresis and diuresis

What does it result in

A

Increased plasma volume

Results in:
Increased urine output
Increased Na excretion

49
Q

What happens when someone who is normal hydrated has isotonic gatorade solution

A
  1. Increase plasma volume
  2. Increase blood pressure
  3. No change to plasma osmolarity
  4. Increase in volume of urine
  5. pH no change
  6. Specific gravity no change
50
Q

What happens to the 4 systems with the normal hydrated isotonic gatorade solution

A

ADH = no change because of no change in osmolarity

Aldosterone = no change because increased ECF volume = increased plasma volume + pressure

Natriuretic peptides = increase because increased plasma volume and pressure causes stretching of cardiac wall

Pressure natriuresis and diuresis =
Increase ECF volume = increased blood pressure = increased GFR + urine and Na output

51
Q

Why will specific gravity not change

A

Intake was isotonic

52
Q

What happens when someone who is normal hydrated and drinks pure water

A 
Increase blood pressure
Decrease plasma osmolarity
Volume of urine increases
pH no change
Specific gravity decreases
53
Q

What happens to the 4 systems with the normal hydrated drinking pure water

A

ADH = decreases, due to increase ECF volume and decreased osmolarity

Aldosterone = no secretion

Natriuretic peptides = Less than isotonic

Pressure natriuresis and diuresis = Decrease in plasma osmolarity results in greater urine production

54
Q

What happens when someone who is overhydrated drinks pure water

A 
High ECF volume
Low ECF osmolarity
Low urine concentration
High urine volume
pH increase
Decrease Specific gravity
55
Q

What happens to the 4 systems with the overhydrated drinking pure water

A

ADH = decrease

Aldosterone = no secretion

NP = secreted

Pressure N and D = increase sodium and urine excretion

56
Q

What happens when someone who is dehydrated drinks pure water

A

Volume of urine no increase
pH no change
Specific gravity no change (may decrease)

57
Q

What happens to the 4 systems with the dehydrated drinking pure water

A

ADH = increase secretion

Aldosterone = increase secretion = increase Na and water retention

NP = no effect due to decrease plasma volume

Pressure N and D = no effect

58
Q

What is the hormone that is secreted in response to angiotensin II

A

Aldosterone

59
Q

A dehydrated person would have high/low:

Urine volume

Specific gravity

Na Cl

Why

A

Low

High

Low

Because they are secreting ADH, secreting aldosterone and therefore would have low Na Cl as it is reabsorbed

60
Q

A person who has drunk alcohol would have high/low

Urine volume

Specific gravity

Na Cl

Why

A

High

Low

High

Because alcohol inhibits ADH

61
Q

Which part of the nephron is responsible for reabsorption of most of the urine volume

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

62
Q

Define the term countercurrent multiplier

A

creating the concentration gradient present around the nephron in the medulla of the kidney at the loop of Henle

63
Q

What might the presence of glucose in the urine indicate

A

Diabetes Mellitus

64
Q

Where does ADH act on

A

Collecting ducts

65
Q

Where does aldosterone act on

A

Distal convoluted tubule

66
Q

What are glomerular capillaries surrounded by

A

Podocytes

67
Q

What might the presence of protein in the urine indicate

A

Damage to the glomerular filter (nephritis)

68
Q

Describe the composition of urinary casts and explain how casts get into the urine

A

Precipitated proteins
WBCs
Renal epithelial cells

69
Q

Digestion of starches experiment: was starches and maltose present in each of the test tubes:

  1. Starch + Water
  2. Starch + Saliva
  3. Starch + Saliva + HCL
  4. Starch + Bolied saliva
A 
Starches = Lugols
Maltose = Benedicts
  1. Starch (+)
    Maltose (-) because no enzyme
  2. Starch (-)
    Maltose (+)
  3. Starch (+)
    Maltose (-) because of Wrong pH
  4. Starch (+)
    Maltose (-) because denatured enzyme
70
Q

Digestion of protein experiments: what was the appearance and explanation of each:

  1. Protein + pepsin @ 37
  2. Protein+pepsin+HCl @ 37
  3. Protein+pepsin+HCl @ 0
  4. Protein+HCl @ 37
  5. Protein+pepsin+NaOH@ 37
A
  1. A = less
    E = wrong pH
  2. A = a lot less
    E = correct pH and temp
  3. A = same
    E = wrong temp
  4. A = same
    E = no enzyme
  5. A = same but yellow
    E = wrong pH
71
Q

Digestion of fat experiments: what happened to pH over time for each:

  1. Cream + bile
  2. Cream + Pancreatin
  3. Cream + bile + Pancreatin
  4. Cream + water
A
  1. No change
  2. Decrease
  3. Large decrease
  4. No change
72
Q

Why did the Cream + bile + pancreatin have a large decrease

A

Bile salts emulsify the fat and increase the surface area for attack by pancreatic lipases

73
Q

What enzymes can be found in the intestinal epithelium

A

Sucrase
Maltase
Lactase

74
Q

What enzymes can be found in the pancreas

A

Protease
Lipase
Amylase

75
Q

What structural adaptations of the small intestine help to increase the rate of digested absorption

A

Increased surface area from:

Folds= rugae
Villi = folds
Microvilli = folds in cell membrane
76
Q

What are the functions of the liver

A

Production of bile
Storage of fat
Storage of carbs
Conjugation of toxins to water soluble molecules

77
Q

What are pancreatic juices produced by

where is it secreted

A

Acinar cells

Pancreatic duct system to be released in the duodenum

78
Q

What produces insulin

where is it secreted

A

Beta cells in islets of langerhans

secreted into blood

79
Q

What level of pH does pepsin function at

A

Low

80
Q

Why does fat digestion result in a decrease in pH

A

The formation of fatty acids lowers the pH of the lumen

81
Q

How does the absorption of fat differ from the absorption of glucose and amino acids (4)

A

Fat absorption requires bile

Increases the effectiveness of lipase

Fatty acids form chylomicrons in intestinal epithelial

Exocytosis of chylomicrons to lymph vessels

82
Q

What are the things you observe in the urinary sediment sample

A 
Epithelial cells
Cellular casts
Bacteria
RBC
WBC
Cotton fibers
83
Q

What is polyuria

Why

A

Frequent urination

Increased urine production because glucose spills in and draws water with it

84
Q

What is Polydipsia

Why

A

Frequent drinking

Loss of water stimulates thirst

85
Q

What is Polyphagia

Why

A

Frequent eating

Cells cannot use sugar
Patient must eat more protein and lipids

86
Q

Exam question:
What stimulates vasopressin release?
What are the effects of vasopressin?

A

Increase in plasma osmolarity
Decrease in plasma volume

Results in:
Increase water retention
Insertion of aquaporins in corticol and medullary collecting ducts

87
Q

Exam question:

Describe the renin – angiotensin – aldosterone pathway

A
  1. Renin is released when blood volume or Na levels in body are low or when K+ is high
  2. The system regulates blood pressure and fluid balance
  3. Renin carries out conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensen 1
  4. Angiotensin converting enzyme converts angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2
  5. Angiotensin 2 causes vasocontriction and stimulates aldosterone to be secreted
  6. Aldosterone causes renal tubules to increase reabsorption of Na and water into blood
  7. This leads to excreting K+, increase ECF and increase BP
88
Q

Exam question:

Name five things one might observe in a urinary sediment sample.

A 
Epithelial cells
Cellular casts
Bacteria
Cotton fibers
Mucus
RBCs
WBCs
89
Q

Exam question:

What would the expected results be if an untreated diabetic took the glucose tolerance test?

A

Higher than normal fasted blood glucose level

Blood glucose level peaks much higher often surpassing renal threshold

Takes 3-5 hours to return to baseline levels within 2 hours

Osmotic diuresis removes glucose

Insulin independent cells utilize glucose

90
Q

Exam question:

Compare the causes of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

A

Type 1:

  1. 10% of diabetic population
  2. Inadequate secretion of insulin from beta cells in the islets of Langerhans
  3. Destruction of beta cells is due to autoimmune disease

Type 2:

  1. 90% of diabetic population
  2. Insulin levels are normal
  3. However, insulin receptors are resistant to insulin
  4. Decrease responsiveness of insulin
  5. Often associated with obesity
91
Q

Exam question:

Describe the proper disposal of five items used in the glucose lab.

A 
Multi stick pH stick = Biohazard
Lancets = Sharps
Glucose Test strip = Biohazard
Gauze = Biohazard
Urine = Sink
Gloves = Biohazard
92
Q

Exam question:

What spirometry test is used as an indicator of obstructive lung disease? Why?

A

FEV is used as an indicator of obstructive lung disease

FEV is the forced expiratory volume

The volume of air forcibly exhaled in 1 second

Air passageways are blocked or reduced diameter

Takes longer to clear spaces

FEV clears 80%in the first second

93
Q

Exam question:
Describe the correct conditions for optimal starch digestion under Biology 66 lab conditions. How were these results confirmed?

A

37 degrees = temp of body = optimal temperature for enzymes

Neutral pH = enzyme works best at

Saliva + starch is best for optimal starch digestion

Saliva contains amylase which breaks down starch into sugars

Lugols tests for starch

Benedicts tests for sugar

1 hour incubation enough time for digestion

Starch (-) Sugar (+)

94
Q

Exam question:
Small intestine

What are the main functions of this organ? Describe the two anatomical features evident in this figure. How do these structural adaptations of the organ facilitate its function?

A

For digestion and absorption

Folds called villi that increase surface area for absorption

Villi have microvilli on the surface which possess digestive enzymes to digest food for absorption

95
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Amount of air that can be drawn in after normal inhalation

96
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Total amount of air in lungs after maximal inhalation

97
Q

What is the most common urinary sediment

A

Epithelial cells

98
Q

What are the greatest immediate risks to life in an individual with diabetes

A

Production of acidic ketones = Ketoacidosis

Insulin shock

High blood sugar

99
Q

Why do obese people usually have type 2 (4)

A

Adipose tissue decreases sensitivity to insulin because:

Receptor ratio decreases

Receptors damaged

Sugar entry is decreased

100
Q

If a diabetic took the glucose tolerance test…
Does their blood sugar level drop
Why

A

Yes, but much slower

Because neurons and RBCs dont require insulin to make glucose enter

101
Q

What happens when endothelial cells become sticky

What happens as a result

A

Glycolsylated

Bloackages = reduced blood flow

102
Q

Why were people asked to fast for 4 hours

A

To make sure they are close to the same blood glucose levels

Bio 66 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions