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Bio 66 > Chapter 10 Sensory Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Sensory Physiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What type of information do receptors recieve

A

Sensory

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2
Q

What do receptors do

A

Transduce different energy forms into graded potentials which initiate action potentials

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3
Q

Where do receptors send information

A

To the CNS through Afferent sensory

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4
Q

Name the 5 different receptors and what do they respond to

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors = touch/pressure
  2. Thermoreceptors = temperature
  3. Photoreceptors = light
  4. Chemoreceptors = chemicals
  5. Nociceptors = pain
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5
Q

What is a Receptor potential

A

Graded potential in sensory receptor in response to environmental stimulus

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6
Q

What does the transduction process involve

A

opening and closing of ion channels

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7
Q

What is adaptation and what does it lead to

A

Decrease in receptor sensitivity during maintained stimulation

Leads to… decrease in AP frequency in afferent neuron

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8
Q

What are the two types of adaptation

A

Phasic (fast adapting receptor) = AP very quickly cease
e.g Pressure when seating

Tonic (slow adapting receptors) = persistent or slow decay of the firing APs
e.g. joint and muscle receptors that maintain posture

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9
Q

What is somatic sensation

A 
Touch
Pressure
Pain
Temperature
Proprioception - posture and movement
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10
Q

What is chemosensation

A 
Taste = Gustation
Smell = Olfaction
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11
Q

Where are taste cells located

A

Taste buds on the surface of the tongue

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12
Q

Taste buds are located on

A

lingual papillae

Papilla = small bump

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13
Q

Name the 5 taste categories and where they are localised on the tongue

A 
Bitter = back
Sweet = tip
Sour = sides
Salty = tip
Umami = pharynx
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14
Q

What taste category is related to H+

A

Sour

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15
Q

What taste category is related to Na+

A

Salty

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16
Q

What does GPCR stand for

A

Gene protein couple

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17
Q

What steps allow us to smell

A

Odorants bind to the proteins in the membrane of cilia attached to dendrites of olfactory receptor neurons

  1. GPCR
  2. Axons of receptor neurons synapse onto olfactory bulb of brain
  3. Unique pattern of activity that brain interprets to percieve an odor
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18
Q

How many odors are coded and how many receptor proteins

A

10,000

380

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19
Q

What does the Vestibular system do and where is it located

A

Senses:
Head position
Head movement = angular acceleration in 3 dimensions
Linear acceleration

Structures are in the inner ear

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20
Q

What are the two types of vestibular sensors

A 
Otolith organs (maculae)
Semicircular canals
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21
Q

What are the two otolith organs and what do they do

A
  1. Saccule
  2. Utricle

Sense linear acceleration with respect to gravity
Each sensor has a mass of Otoliths on top of a gelatinous substance

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22
Q

Where do Olfactory receptor cells synapse

A

In the 2 olfactory bulbs

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23
Q

What are Otoliths and what do they cover

A

Calcium carbonate crystals

Utricle and saccule
Makes them heavier

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24
Q

What are semicircular canals and what do they do

A

Fluid filled endolymph

They sense ANGULAR ACCELERATION of the head in three Dimensions (X-Y-Z)

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25
Q

What do each semicircular canal have

A

Crista (sensory organ)

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26
Q

What does each crista have and what happens to it

A

gelatinous mass, cupula on top

It is pushed by endolymph movement

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27
Q

Sensory hair cells are located where

And what does each hair cell have

A

Otolith organs

Kinocilium and Stereocilla

28
Q

What does bending of the

stereocilla do

A

Stimulates or inhibits action potential frequency

Therefore effects membrane potential

29
Q

The movement of fluid will cause what to bend which stimulates hair cells

A

Cupula

30
Q

Sound can be the result of vibration of what (3)

A

Solid
Liquid
Gas

31
Q

What do sound waves cause to move and what occurs because of this movement

A

auditory structures which transduce into action potentials

32
Q

Define frequency and what does it determine

A

number of cycles per second

Determines Pitch

33
Q

Define Intensity and what does it determine

A

Amplitude of wave

Determines Loudness

34
Q

What is the Stapes attached to and what do vibrations cause to happen

A

The oval window

Auditory transduction - ripples in the cochlear fluid

35
Q

Ripples in the cochlear fluid cause what to move?

What does different pitches result in this movement

A

Basilar membrane

Different pitches = movement in different area of basilar membrane

36
Q

Where are high frequency sounds vibrate

A

Basal (at the bottom) cochlea

37
Q

Where are low frequency sounds vibrate

A

Apical (at the top) cochlea

38
Q

What is a pattern known as and what is it arranged by

A

Tonotopic

Arranged by FREQUENCY

39
Q

What are the steps of the audition

A
  1. Tympanic membrane
  2. Ossicles
  3. Oval window
  4. Movement of fluid in cochlea
  5. Vibration in basilar membrane
  6. Shearing between basilar and tectorial membrane
  7. Bending of hair cells in organ of Corti to depolarise them
40
Q

What is the Organ of Corti made up of

A

Basilar membrane + hair cells + tectorial membrane

41
Q

What does depolarisation cause

A

NT release

APs in sensory neurons

42
Q

What are the visual spectrum range in humans and what colours are at each end

A

400 - 750 nm

400 = blue
750 = red
43
Q

What is the Sclera

A

White fibrous tissue

Attachment of muscles that move eye

44
Q

What is the Cornea

A

Clear

Allows transmission of light

45
Q

What is the Pupil

A

Opening for light

46
Q

What is the Iris

A

Pigmented muscle around pupil

Allows for pupillary dilation and constriction

47
Q

What is the Uvea

A

Blood vessels

48
Q

What are the ciliary muscles

A

Muscles for lens accomodation

49
Q

What is the Retina

A

Posterior portion of eye

Has photoreceptors such as rods and cones

50
Q

What is the Fovea

A

Small region in retina with highest concentration of CONES

Therefore has the greatest visual acuity (resolution)

51
Q

What is the blind spot and where is it

A

Exit point for optic nerve

Has no photoreceptors

52
Q

What is accomodation

What happens for far vision and near vision

A

Changing of lens shape to focus light on retina

Far vision = flattened lens
Near vision = rounded lens

53
Q

What happens to the tension when ciliary muscles are contracted for near vision

A

Suspensory ligaments have lower tension and more rounded lens

Parasympathetic

54
Q

What happens to the tension when ciliary muscles are relaxed for far vision

A

Suspensory ligaments have HIGHER tension and more flattened lens

Sympathetic

55
Q

What is Emmetropia

A

Normal vision

56
Q

What is Hyperopia

A
  1. Farsightedness
  2. Rays focus behind retina
  3. Short eye
  4. Convex lens needed for correction
57
Q

What is Myopia

A
  1. Nearsightedness
  2. Rays focus in front retina
  3. Long eye
  4. Concave lens needed for correction
58
Q

What is astigmatism

A
  1. Irregular curvature of eye or lens
  2. Rays do not focus
  3. Uneven lens for correction
59
Q

What does light do to photopigment molecules

A

Causes a chemical change

60
Q

What is the Photopigment in rods

A

Rhodopsin

61
Q

How many photopsins provide colour vision in cones

A

3

Red, Green, Blue

62
Q

What protein allows for transduction to occur

A

Transducin

63
Q

Rods cells allow for

A

Black and white vision
Most sensitive photoreceptor
Vision in dim light

64
Q

Cone cells allow for

A

Colour Vision

High resolution vision

65
Q

What happens in the dark

A

Na channels open

Depolarisation

66
Q

What happens in the light

A

Na channels are closed

Hyperpolarisation

67
Q

Where is the visual cortex

A

Occipital lobe

Bio 66 (22 decks)

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