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Bio 66 > Chapter 17 Physiology of the Kidneys > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Physiology of the Kidneys Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The renal systems function is to… (4)

A
  1. Regulate blood volume
  2. Eliminate organic waste
  3. Regulate balance of electrolytes
  4. Maintain pH of plasma
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2
Q

Kidneys do what… (4)

A
  1. Form urine
  2. Water and electrolyte balance
  3. Secretion of toxins and drugs
  4. Gluconeogensis
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3
Q

What is gluconeogensis

A

synthesis of glucose from AAs during prolonged fasting

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4
Q

The ureters do what

A

transfer urine to bladder

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5
Q

Urinary bladder does what

A

Storage and micturition (urination) via the urethra

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6
Q

Urethra does what

A

Micturition

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7
Q

What is the outer layer of the kidney

What happens here

A

Renal cortex

Glomerular filtration
Convoluted tubules

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8
Q

What is the inner part of the kidney

What happens here

A

Renal medulla

Location of loops of Henle:

Drains the collecting ducts into the renal pelvis and ureter

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9
Q

What is the pathway of micturition

A 
Collecting ducts
Renal pelvis
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
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10
Q

What causes urine to flow from the ureter to the bladder

A

Contractions of smooth muscle in ureter

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11
Q

Where is the Internal urethral sphincter

A

At the base of the bladder

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12
Q

Where is the External urethral sphincter

What does it do

A

below internal, and surrounds the urethra.

Its contraction can prevent urination.

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13
Q

What is the smooth muscle called in the ureter

What does it produce

A

Detrusor muscle

Contraction produces micturition

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14
Q

What is the nephron

A

The functional unit of the kidneys, consisting of a renal corpuscle and tubule

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15
Q

Stages that happen at the nephron

A
  1. Arterial blood enters kidney through renal artery
  2. Branching eventually leads to afferent arterioles, which bring blood to the glomerulus
  3. Glomerulus produces blood filtrate that enters tubule
  4. Blood remaining in glomerulus (appx 80%) leaves through efferent arteriole to the peritubular capillaries
  5. This blood drains into veins that exit the kidney as the renal vein
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16
Q

What surrounds the glomerulus

What does it do

A

Bowman’s capsule

Filtration

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17
Q

Renal corpuscle is made up of

A

Bowman’s capsule + glomerulus

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18
Q

What does the Proximal convoluted tubule do (3)

A
  1. Filtrate from glomerulus enters its lumen
  2. Reabsorption of salt, water, etc. into peritubular capillaries
  3. Secretion of substances into filtrate
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19
Q

List the pathway of fluid in the nephron (8)

A
  1. Glomerulus
  2. Bowman capsule
  3. Proximal convoluted tubule
  4. Peritubular capillaries
  5. Descending loop of Henle
  6. Ascending loop of Henle
  7. Distal convoluted tubule
  8. Collecting duct
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20
Q

Steps of glomerular filtration (4)

A
  1. Fluid filters out of glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule
  2. Filters through fenestrae
  3. Due to hyrdostatic pressure of cardiac pump
  4. Filtrate is plasma like
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21
Q

What is fenestrae

A

Large pores in the glomerular capillaries

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22
Q

What is Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

A

Volume of filtrate produced by both kidneys per minute

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23
Q

What happens with sympathetic stimulation of kidneys (2)

FIGHT OR FLIGHT

A
  1. Vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles

2. Reduces GFR to preserve blood volume and drive blood to muscles and heart

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24
Q

What is Renal autoregulation

A

Afferent arterioles dilate when BP decreases, constrict when BP increases

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25
Q

What is reabsorption

What process allows for this to happen

A

Return of filtrate from tubules to blood (peritubular capillaries)

Osmosis

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26
Q

How much salt and water is reabsorbed in the:

Proximal tubule
Descending limb of Henle

A

65%

20%

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27
Q

What allows for water reabsorption to occur

A

Active transport of Na+ from filtrate into peritubular blood increases osmolarity so that reabsorption via osmosis can occur

28
Q

Steps of reabsorption from proximal tubules to surrounding epithelial cells (6)

A
  1. Lower concentration of Na+ in surrounding cells than filtrate due to low permeability
  2. Diffusion + active transport of Na+ into epithelial cells
  3. Cl- moves to high Na concentration due to electrical gradient
  4. NaCl accumulates - increases osmolarity of epithelial cells
  5. Water moves from filtrate to surrounding cells
  6. This salt and water now moves into surround peritubular capillaries to re-enter the bloodstream
29
Q

In order for water to be reabsorbed the surrounding ISF must be

A

Hypertonic

30
Q

Steps in the descending limb of Henle (4)

A
  1. Permeable to water but not salt
  2. Surrounding ISF is hypertonic compared to filtrate here
  3. Water leaves descending limb by osmosis and enters ISF and then capillaries
  4. This increases osmolarity of tubular fluid and decreases volume
31
Q

Steps in the ascending limb of Henle

A
  1. Na+ actively pumped into ISF
  2. Cl- follows Na+ because of electrical attraction
  3. K+ diffuses passively into the filtrate
  4. Not permeable to water so fluid in ascending limb becomes diluted
  5. NaCl accumulates in the ISF here
32
Q

What does the countercurrent multiplier system create (2)

A

High osmotic pressure in ISF

High osmolarity of fluid in tubule

33
Q

Descending vessels gain and lose what

A 
Gain = salt + urea
Lose = water
34
Q

Ascending vessels gain and lose what

A 
Gain = water
Lose = salt and urea
35
Q

What is urea

A

a waste product of amino acid metabolism that is excreted in urine

36
Q

What happens to Urine at the terminal portion of the collecting ducts (2)

A

Diffuses out into ISF

Then is trapped there due to countercurrent exchange

37
Q

What is the state of ISF surrounding collecting ducts and the fluid entering the collecting ducts

A

ISF = hypertonic

Fluid = hypotonic

38
Q

Collecting ducts are permeable to what

A

Water but not salt

39
Q

When plasma osmolarity increases, what does ADH then do (3)

A

Increases permeability of collecting ducts to water due to insertion of aquaporin channels

This causes more water to exit into renal medulla and peritubular via osmosis

This increases reabsorption

40
Q

What happens when there is a absence of ADH

A

Aquaporin channels are in vesicles

41
Q

What does ADH do in collecting ducts

A

Stimulates the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane thus inserting aquaporin channels

42
Q

How do osmoreceptors work to change levels of ADH

A

Changes in water activate hypothalamic osmoreceptors

Release of ADH altered to affect reabsorption

43
Q

What is the minimal amount of water needed to eliminate the bodys waste

This is known as

A

400ml/day

Obligatory water loss

44
Q

What is Renal Plasma clearance

A

Volume of plasma that is “cleared” of a substance by kidneys per unit time

45
Q

What reduces clearance

A

Reabsorption

46
Q

What is secretion

Where does it occur most

A

The active transport of substances from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid.

Most reabsorption and secretion occur in the proximal tubule.

47
Q

Clearance of inulin is equal to

A

GFR

48
Q

What is inulin

What is unique about it

A

Polysaccharide injected into blood to measure GFR

Is filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted

49
Q

What is the formula for clearance

A

mass of substance excreted per unit time / plasma concentration of substance

Cs = VUs/ Ps

V  = urine volume per unit time
Us= urine concentration of S
Ps= plasma concentration of S
50
Q

What is completely reabsorbed in the proximal tubule

By what process

A

Glucose and AAs

Secondary active transport

51
Q

What is the process of glucosuria

A

When the concentration of glucose exceeds the capacity of the transporter molecules

Therefore glucose is excreted in the urine

52
Q

What activates the Rein-angiotensin-aldosterone system

A

Decreased plasma Na+

Decrease blood volume

53
Q

What stimulates aldosterone

A

Increased plasma K+

54
Q

What does aldosterone stimulate (2)

A

Na+ reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct

K+ secretion in distal and collecting duct

55
Q

What happens when aldosterone stimulates Na reabsorption (3)

A
  1. Na/K pump activated
  2. Passive movement of Na from filtrate to cytoplasm
  3. Drives pass reabsorption of Cl-
56
Q

What happens when aldosterone stimulates K secretion (3)

A
  1. K pumped into epitherlial cell
  2. Then diffuses into duct due to potential difference caused by Na reabsorption
  3. Increased Na absorption = increased K secretion
57
Q

What substance is filtered from the glomerulus

A

Potassium

58
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus

What does it secrete

A

The intersection of the macula densa in the distal tubule with the afferent and efferent arterioles

endocrine signal known as renin into blood in the afferent arteriole

59
Q

What does Atrial natriuretic peptide stimulate

A

Salt excretion when blood volume increases

60
Q

How do the kidneys regulate blood pH (2)

A
  1. Excrete H+ in the urine

2. Reabsorb bicarbonate

61
Q

Steps of reabsorbing bicarbonate (7)

A
  1. Na/H pump moves H+ into filtrate and Na out
  2. Bicarbonate binds with H+ in filtrate to form carbonic acid
  3. Carbonic acid converted to CO2 + H2O
  4. CO2 diffuses into tubule
  5. CO2 and H20 bind to form carbonic acid in tubule
  6. Carbonic acid dissociates to bicarbonate and H+ in tubule
  7. The Bicarbonate from the tubule diffuses into the blood
62
Q

Why is the urine acidic

A

Distal tubule secretes H+ into filtrate using pumps

63
Q

What buffers the urine

A

Ammonia and phosphate buffers

64
Q

What is Alkalosis (4)

A

pH > 7.45

Decreased plasma H+
Less H+ in filtrate
Less Bicarbonate is reabsorbed to compensate

65
Q

What is Acidosis

A

pH < 7.35

Increased plasma H+
More H+ in filtrate
Bicarbonate is made to compensate, which enters the blood

Bio 66 (22 decks)

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