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Chapter 20 Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is Gametogenesis

A

Spermatogenesis (sperm) and oogenesis (egg)

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2
Q

Gonadotropic hormones are

A

FSH

LH

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3
Q

Gonadal steroids are

A

Testosterone,
Estradiol
Progesterone

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4
Q

Accessory reproductive organs are

A

Ducts

Glands

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5
Q

Each pair of chromosomes contains…

A

two homologous chromosomes

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6
Q

Where is DNA contained

A

in these 46 chromosomes

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7
Q

What is a diploid cell

A

Cell that contains 46 chromosomes

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8
Q

What is a haploid cell

A

Cell that has half the chromosomes (23)

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9
Q

What type of division is seen from zygote into an adult

A

Mitosis

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10
Q

What are 1-22 pairs known as

A

Autosomal chromosomes

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11
Q

What is pair 23 known as

A

Sex chromosomes

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12
Q

What is the three hormone sequence

A
  1. Hypothalamus secretes GnRH
  2. Anterior pituitary gland secretes FSH and LH
  3. Gonads stimulated to secrete sex hormones and undergo gametogensis
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13
Q

What is unique about the secretion of gonadotropins and sex hormones in females

A

It is cyclical

Menstrual cycle

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14
Q

What causes negative feedback in this three hormone sequence

A

Inhibin

Sex hormones secreted by gonads

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15
Q

What functions are involved in the Testes

A

Gametogenesis (spermatogenesis)

Synthesis and secretion of hormones

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16
Q

What are the two main structures in the Testes

What is located in each

A
  1. Seminiferous tubules
    Sertoli cells = spermatogenesis and secretion of inhibin
  2. Leydig cells
    Testosterone
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17
Q

What parts are involved in the duct system of the male reproductive system

A

Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory ducts
Urethra

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18
Q

What secretes components of semen

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral glands

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19
Q

List the pathway of sperm

A 
Tubules
Rete testis
Efferent ductules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
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20
Q

Seminiferous tubules are located in the

A

Testis

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21
Q

What does FSH initiate

A

Spermatogenesis

Secretion of inhibin by Sertoli cells

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22
Q

What does LH stimualte

A

Leydig cells to secrete testosterone

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23
Q

What is testosterone (3)

What happens to the levels during puberty

A
  1. Major androgen
  2. Allows for spermatogenesis
  3. Stimulates anabolism = growth of muscles

Increased = growth of accessory organs

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24
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur

A

In the Seminiferous tubules

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25
Q

List the stages of spermatogenesis

A
  1. Mitosis = spermatogonia divide into primary spermatocytes
  2. First meiotic division = two secondary spermatocytes
  3. Second meiotic division = spermatids
  4. Spermiogenesis = spermatids turn into spermatozoa
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26
Q

What are Sertoli cells

A

support spermatogensis and protect developing sperm

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27
Q

What is the head of the sperm called

A

Acrosome

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28
Q

What does the sperm do at the point of fertilisation

A

The acrosome releases enzymes that allow the entry of the ova

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29
Q

What are the 3 structures of the penis

A

Glans = sensory nerve endings

Erectile tissue:
Corpus spongiosum
Corpora cavernosae

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30
Q

What is semen

A

Sperm + fluids from testes

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31
Q

What can cause urine flow to be blocked

A 
Enlargement of:
Epididymis
Seminal Vesicles
Bulbourethral gland
Prostate gland
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32
Q

What happens during an Erection (3)

A

Release of NO from parasympathetic axons

Increases blood flow into corpora cavernosae and corpus spongiosium

Increase length and width and increase pressure

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33
Q

What happens during emission (2)

A

Movement of semen into urethra

Stimulated by sympathetic nerves = muscle contraction

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34
Q

What is ejaculation

A

Forcible expulsion of semen from urethra out of penis

Stimulated by sympathetic nerves = muscle contraction

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35
Q

What are some causes of erectile dysfunction

A 
Nerve damage
Heart disease
Large prostate
Drugs
Diabetes
Psychological factors
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36
Q

What are the treatments for erectile dysfunction

What do they do

A

Viagra
Cialis

Increase cGMP to promote vasodilation

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37
Q

What occurs in the ovaries

A

Gametogenesis

Synthesise and secretion of hormones

Ovarian cycle

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38
Q

What hormones are produced and secreted in the ovaries

A

Estrogen
Progesterone
Inhibin

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39
Q

What happens during the ovarian cycle

A

Follicles go through a developmental sequence

Ovulation of one ovum plus follicular cells per month

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40
Q

What are the accessory organs of the female reproductive system

A

Fallopian tubes

Uterus

Vagina

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41
Q

The Uterus has 3 layers which are

A

Perimetrium = outermost layer/connective tissue

Myometrium = thick smooth muscle layer

Endometrium = epithelial layers that are taken off during menstruation

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42
Q

What are the external genitalia

A

Clitoris
Labia majora
Labia minora

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43
Q

What is the clitoris

A

Erectile tissue (similar to penis)

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44
Q

What is the labia majora

A

Erectile tissue

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45
Q

What is the labia minora

A

Vestibule which opens:

Urethra
Vagina

46
Q

What releases the Ovum

47
Q

What moves the Ovum to the oviduct

A

Fimbrial contactions

Oviduct ciliary escalator

48
Q

Where are fertilized eggs implanted

49
Q

What must a sperm move through in order to get to an ovulated egg

A

Cervix and Uterus

50
Q

Oogenesis (follicle growth) stimulated by

A

Stimulated by FSH

51
Q

What are oogonia

What do they undergo

A

Primitive germ cells

Undergo mitotic division during fetal life

52
Q

What happens at 7 month of gestation

A

Mitosis ends

Oogonia enter 1st meiotic division as Primary oocytes

53
Q

What are Primary oocytes surrounded by

What do they do

What are the combination of primary oocytes and the surrounding matter known
as

A

Granulosa cells

Secrete hormones

Primordial follicle

54
Q

What may happen to primary follicles

A

May develop more into secondary follicles

55
Q

What happens when there is continued growth of secondary follicles

What do they contain

A

Graafian follicle (mature)

Contains fluid filled cavity known as antrum

56
Q

What is made when the follicles divide by meiosis

A

Secondary oocyte

57
Q

Where are secondary oocytes contained

A

Graafian follicle

58
Q

When does the second meiotic division occur

A

Upon completed fertilisation

59
Q

The steps of Oogenesis are (5)

A 
Primary follicle
Secondary follicle
Graafian follicle
First meiotic division
Secondary oocyte
60
Q

What is the Zona Pellucida

What does it do

A

Thin layer in the secondary oocyte

Barrier to fertilisation

61
Q

Steps of Ovulation (3)

A

Day 10-14 = follicle becomes graafian follicle

Bulges on surface of ovary

Ruptures = releasing oocyte into oviduct = ovulation

62
Q

What is the secondary oocyte surrounded by (2)

A

Zona pellucida

Corona radiata

63
Q

What is a zygote

A

Fertilised egg

64
Q

What is the “yellow body”

A

Corpus luteum

65
Q

How long is the menstrual cycle

66
Q

Menstruation is

A

the shedding of epithelium of endometrium if egg is not fertilised

67
Q

What are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle

The days of each

A

Follicular phase (Days 1-13)

Ovulation (day 14)

Luteal Phase (days 15-28)

68
Q

What happens during follicular phase (4)

A
  1. FSH causes development of follicles
  2. Granulosa cells increase estradiol production
  3. One follicle matures to graafian follicle
  4. LH surge prior to ovulation due to rapid increase in estradiol
69
Q

What happens during ovulation (3)

A
  1. Estradiol = LH surge
  2. LH surge causes wall of graafian follicle to rupture
  3. Secondary oocyte is released from ovary into oviduct
70
Q

What happens during luteal phase (4)

A
  1. Transformation of follicle into corpus luteum due to LH
  2. CL secretes estradiol and progesterone
  3. Negative feedback of FSH and LH secretion
  4. Estrogen and progesterone decrease during luteolysis
71
Q

Ovulation is provoked by a surge in

72
Q

Luteolysis occurs when there is

A

a decrease in LH

73
Q

Follicular maturation is caused by which hormones

This results in the synthesis of

A

FSH and LH

Ovarian steroid hormones

74
Q

When is the proliferative phase (5-14) during

What happens in this phase

A

Follicular phase

Growth and maturation of endometrium under influence of estradiol from follicle

75
Q

When is the secretory phase (15-28) during

What happens in this phase

A

Luteal phase

Increased progesterone and estradiol from CL stimulate endometrial thickening and uterine gland development for implantation

76
Q

What happens during the menstrual phase (1-4)

4

A
  1. Ovarian hormone secretion decreases
  2. Uterine blood vessels constrict = depriving tissue of blood
  3. Endometrium undergoes necrosis = menstrual flow
  4. Myometrium contracts = causes cramps
77
Q

What are the different phases of the endometrial cycle

A 
Menstrual phase (1-4)
Proliferative phase (5-14)
Secretory phase (15-28)
78
Q

Where is mature sperm stored

79
Q

What is capacitation

A

Ability to fertilise egg

80
Q

Where does fertilisation occur

A

In the oviduct

Due to short viability and slow transport of egg

81
Q

What is the time window

A

5 days before - 1 day after

82
Q

What is the Acrosome reaction

A

Acrosome binding to zona pellucida of egg

83
Q

Stages of early development

A
  1. Zygote completes second meiotic division
  2. Second polar body disintegrates
  3. Undergoes cleavage
  4. Continued mitosis = morula
  5. Becomes blastocyte
  6. Implantation
84
Q

What is Cleavage

A

Mitotic cell division into 2 smaller cells

85
Q

What is a morula

A

8 cells at 50-60 hours after fertilisation

86
Q

What is a blastocyst

A

Inner cell mass (fetus) + outer chorion (placenta)

87
Q

What is implantation

A

Occurs on day 21 of menstrual cycle

Blastocyst attaches to uterine wall

88
Q

What allows the blastocyst to attach to the wall of the endometrium

A

Trophoblast cells - sticky

89
Q

What do chorion cells of blastocyst secrete

What does it do

A

Human chorionic gonatropin (hCG)

Maintains CL and secretion of estradiol + progesterone by placenta

Prevents menstruation

90
Q

What does the placenta secrete to maintain pregnancy

A

Progesterone and estrogen

91
Q

What separates fetal blood from maternal blood

A

Chorionic villi

92
Q

Where do umbilical arteries transport blood

Where does the blood then go

A

From fetus into capillaries of chorionic villi

Blood then exits capillaries to travel back to the fetus via umbilical vein

93
Q

Where are the umbilical arteries and veins housed

A

Umbilical cord

94
Q

What is an early indicator of pregnancy

A

The presence of chorionic gonadotropin in the urine

95
Q

Where is the fetus located

A

Fluid filled amniotic sac

96
Q

What is Parturition

A

Childbirth

97
Q

What stimulates uterine contractions

A

Oxytocin and Prostaglandins

98
Q

What does progesterone do during labor

A

Keeps smooth muscle inactive

99
Q

What does estrogen do during labor

A

Stimulates myometrial contractions

100
Q

What does increasing estrogen cause during labor (3)

A

Smooth muscle cells to form gap junctions

Myometrium becomes single unit

Increases number of receptors for oxytocin and prostaglandins

Cervix is made soft and flexible

101
Q

What does relaxin do

A

Aids estrogen and prostaglandins relax the cervix

102
Q

What is the sequence that leads to labor (6)

A
  1. FETAL hypothalamus begins to secrete CRH
  2. Secretion of CRH by placenta
  3. CRH causes FETAL anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH
  4. ACTH causes fetal and maternal adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol
  5. MOTHER hypothalamus stimualtes posterior pituitary to secrete oxytocin
  6. Labor contractions
103
Q

What does cortisol do during labor

A
  1. Stimulates surfactant production in FETAL lungs
  2. Inhibits placental progesterone
  3. Increases prostaglandins in uterine smooth muscle to stimulate contractions
104
Q

What hormones cause the breasts to develop

A

Estrogens and progesterone

105
Q

What glands produce and secrete milk

What is this process known as

A

Mammary glands

Lactogenesis

106
Q

What is the secretory unit in mammary glands

107
Q

What surrounds the breast

A

Myoepithelial cells and adipose cells

108
Q

What hormone increases after parturition

What does it stimulate

A

Prolactin

Mammary glands to produce milk

109
Q

What also causes the secretion of prolactin

What other hormone is also secreted because of this cause

What is the end result

A

Sucking

Oxytocin

Secretion of milk into ducts and ejection of milk from nipple

110
Q

Oxytocin is released from where

What does it cause in the breast

Prolactin is released from where

What does it cause in the breast

A

Posterior pituitary

Milk ejection

Anterior pituitary

Milk production

Bio 66 (22 decks)

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