Lab Exam 1 Flashcards
What are the three categories of WASTE
Biohazarderous
Chemical
Regular
What are the 5 types of container in lab
Sharps General Biohazard Chemical Bleach
What is the coarse adjustment
Fine tunes the focus
What are the Apertures
Controls the amount of light
What is the magnification of the low power lens
4 x 10 = 40
What is the magnification of the high dry power lens
40 x 10 = 400
What is the magnification of the oil immersion lens
100 x 10 = 1000
List the conversions of meters starting from km
1 km = 1000m (x1000) 1m = 100 cm (x100) 1cm = 10mm (x10) 1mm = 1000ym (x1000) 1ym = 1000nm (x1000)
What substance was used in the osmosis test
sucrose
What substance were used in the diffusion test
KMNO4
What are the two ways of mixing substances
Mechanical vortex
Finger vortexing
What substance was used in the concentration and tonicity test
red blood cells
How do you work out moles
grams / molecular mass
How do you work out molarity
moles of solute / L of solution
How do you work out Osmolarity
X by the amount of substances
e.g. glucose = 1
NaCl = 2
An area with higher osmolarity implies…
that water will move to that area
What are the 3 instruments used to record bioelectrical signals
EGC
EEG
EMG
What do amplifiers do
increased the amplitude of biological signals
Whats the relationship with V and sensitivity
The higher the V the lower the sensitivity
Whats the difference between DC and AC coupling and where does this occur
DC = low frequency/constant AC = high frequency/ fluctuating a lot
What is filtering
Unwanted low frequency is eliminated
What is involved in signal conditioning
Amplification and filtering
What are the 3 types of transducer
Mechnical
Pressure
Temperature
In the membrane potential test, what two substances are the membrane either permable to
Potassium
Choride
Nervous tissue refers to…
neurons
e.g. glial cells such as Schwann cells
Connective tissue provides
support, attaches organs, fills spaces and protection
Muscle tissue is also
contractile tissue
e.g. Skeletal, smooth and cardiac
Epithelial tissue does what
covers the body, lines cavities and forms glands
Examples of epithelial tissue are…
Squamous - simple + stratified
Cuboidal - cube like
Columnar - plain + ciliated
Concept of Osmolarity
number of particles X molarity of solute
What is proportional to osmolarity
osmotic pressure
Detergent is an example of
Amphipathic = non polar and polar
Chloroform is…
non polar
Veg oil is…
non polar
Water is…
Polar
KMNO4 is…
Polar
What signals can be directly fed into the powerlab unit
electrical signals - requires electrodes
What are the 4 examples where a transducers must be used to convert electrical signals
Movement
Temperature
Muscle contraction
Blood pressure and pulse
List the pathway of a biological signal
Physiological variable
Transducer
Amplifier
Display - Chart recorder/computer
What is involved in signal conditioning
Amplification
Filtering
Zeroing
What is zeroing
removal of unwanted background voltage
What does AC signal mean
Alternating current
In an AC signal, what are special about them and where do they come from
The signals are changing over time
They come directly from the tissue
What is required with AC signals
A bio amplifier to enhance the signal
EGG recieve signals from…
the head
ECG recieve signals from…
the chest
What does DC signal mean
Direct Signal
In a DC signal, what is special and what do we require to use for them
The signals are slow and steady
They require the use of transducers
What is the equation for BMP
Beats (beat) / Time (seconds) X 60 seconds / 1 min
What are sensory receptors
Specialised cells or neurons that detect external and internal changes in the environment
What do sensory receptors do to the stimulus
convert them to electrical impulses
What is adaptation
during prolonged stimulus, the receptor becomes desensitised
What is a membrane potential
the separation of charges across the membrane
Reflexes involve 2 paths, what are they
Receptor
Effector
What happens for distant vision
Ciliated muscles relax
Suspensory ligaments tighten
Lens thins
Sympathetic nervous pathway
What happens for close vision
Ciliated muscles contract
Suspensory ligaments relax
Lens fatter
Parasympathetic nervous pathway
What is Hyperopia? And what causes it and how to fix it
Farsightedness
Eyeball is too short and therefore image is focused behind the retina
Correct with a convex lens
What is myopia? What causes it and how to fix it
Nearsightedness
Eyeball is too long and therefore image is focused in front of retina
Correct with concave lens
What is astigmatism? What does it cause
Curvature of the lens is not uniform
Causes unfocused image
What are the 3 main colours
Red
Green
Blue
What is Jendrassik Maneuver? What does it result in
Exaggerated response due to decrease activity of inhibitory neurons
This results in increase activity of spinal cord neurons that will cause recruitment of more muscle fibers
What type of lens is converging
Convex
What type of lens is diverging
Concave
2 point discrimination is detected by what receptors
Cutaneous
What is the correlation between density of cutaneous receptors and sensation
Greater density = finer sensation
What type of receptors are involved in referred pain
Nociceptors
What allows us to feel referred pain
sensory neurons from different parts of the body converge onto the same neuron
What is the Labyrinthine reflex
involves orientation of body during movement and maintains an equilibrium
What detects angular acceleration
semicircular canals
One semicircular canal detects…
horizontal movement = 30 degrees
Two semicircular canals are…
vertical = 90 degrees
What actually detects angular acceleration in the semi circular canals and how
Hair cells in the cupula
They bend causes depolarisation and send nerve impulses to brain
What is the test called for the vestibular system
Barany chair
What is the reflex response to movement in the vestibular system
Nystagmus
What is nystagmus
eye movement in opposite direction
What are the 4 mechanosensations
2 Point discrimination
Referred pain
Audiometer
Barany chair
Name the two chemosensations
Taste
Smell
What is edema
accumulation of fluids in the interstitial fluid due to improper osmotic pressure compared to blood plasma
What controls the amount of light entering the eye
Iris
What system dilates the Iris
Sympathetic
What system constricts the Iris
Parasympathetic
What is accomodation
The process associated with the eyes ability to change its lens to focus an image
What are the 3 tunics of the eye
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
What is visual acuity
the ability to discriminate detail
What is the name of the test for visual acuity
Snellen Eye Test
What is the test for astigmatism
Dark lines radiating from a central point
What is the formula for visual acuity
V = d/D
What is the name of the model used to study visual optics
Ingersoll eye model
What is the test for colour blindness
Ishihara test
What is the area called where the optic nerve and blood vessels are located in the eye and where there are no rods or cones
Blind spot
